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[1] ËïÁ¢Æ½£º¡¶×ÜÌåÐÔÉç»áÑо¿¡ª¡ª¶Ô¸Ä¸ïǰÖйúÉç»á½á¹¹µÄ¸ÅÒª·ÖÎö¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆÑ§¼¾¿¯¡·1993ÄêµÚ1¾í¡£
[2] ÐÐÕþÈÎÎñÊǹú¼ÒÈÎÎñµÄÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÓÉÐÐÕþ»ú¹Ø¼°ÆäËû¹«È¨Á¦Ö÷Ì帺ÔðʵʩµÄ£¬¾·¨Âɹ淶ȷ¶¨µÄ¹«¹²ÈÎÎñ¡£²Î¼ûÕ²ÕòÈÙ£º¡¶¹ú¼ÒÈÎÎñ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ôµ©·¨Ñ§½ÌÊÒ¡·µÚ3ÆÚ£¨2003Äê1Ô£©¡£
[3] й«¹²¹ÜÀíÀíÂÛ²»½öÒªÇóͶÈë²ú³öÒâÒåÉϵÄЧÂʼÛÖµ£¬¸üÒªÇóʵÏÖÕþ¸®Ä¿±êÒâÒåÉϵÄÐÂЧÂʹۣ¬¼´Ò»ÖÖÐÐÕþЧÄÜ¡£See David H. Rosenbloom, James D£®Carroll, Jonathan D£®Carroll, Constitutional Competence for Public Managers: Cases and Commentary, F£®E£®Peacock Publishers, Inc, 2000, pp.125-126. [4] ²Î¼ûÓ¦ËÉÄꡢѦ¸ÕÁ裺¡¶ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨ÓëÒÀ·¨ÐÐÕþ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·1998ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ¡£
[5] È罪Ã÷°²¡¢Éò¿ù£º¡¶·¨ÖÎÔÔòÓ빫¹²ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯¡ª¡ªÂÛ¼ÓÇ¿ºÍÍêÉÆÎÒ¹úÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨µÄÒâÒåºÍ;¾¶¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·1998ÄêµÚ4ÆÚ£»ÔøÏéÈ𣺡¶ÂÛÈÕ±¾ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯ÀàÐͼ°¹«Îï¡¢ÓªÔìÎï¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·1999ÄêµÚ4ÆÚµÈ¡£
[6] ÀÁÖ£º¡¶Öйúµ¥Î»Éç»á£ºÒéÂÛ¡¢Ë¼¿¼ÓëÑо¿¡·£¬ÊÀ¼Í³ö°æ¼¯ÍÅ¡¢ÉϺ£ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉç2004Äê7Ô°棬µÚ6Ò³¡£
[7] Îâ¸Õ£º¡¶ÀàÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¢Õ¹ÓëÐÐÕþÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ï¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¹ú¼ÒÐÐÕþѧԺѧ±¨¡·2000ÄêµÚ3ÆÚ£»Ñ¦¸ÕÁ裺¡¶WTOÓëÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨¸Ä¸ï¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Õþ·¨ÂÛ̳¡·2002ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ£»Ó¦ËÉÄ꣺¡¶·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯µÄÈô¸É·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶±±¾©ÁªºÏ´óѧѧ±¨¡·2003ÄêµÚ9ÆÚ£»ÀÓ¡¢³Ìͦ£º¡¶·ÇÕþ¸®×éÖ¯ÔÚ³ÇÊÐÖÎÀíÖеÄ×÷Óá¢ÎÊÌâºÍ¶Ô²ß¨D¨DÒÔÉϺ£ÎªÀý¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§¡·£¨ÈË´ó¸´Ó¡×ÊÁÏ£©2004ÄêµÚ6ÆÚµÈ¡£
[8] See David Osborne, Peter Plastrik, The Reinventor's Fieldbood: Tools for Transforming Your Government, Jossey-Bass, Inc£®a John Wiley & Sons, Inc£®company£®2000, p11.
[9] ÖÆ¶È±£ÕÏ£¬ÒâָijÖÖ»ù±¾È¨Àû£¬²»½öÒÀ¾Ý·¨ÂɵÄÖ±½Ó¹æ¶¨Êܵ½±£»¤£¬¸üÊÇÐγÉÁËÍêÉÆµÄÖÆ¶ÈÌåϵ¼ÓÒÔÈ«Ãæ±£ÕÏ¡£ÓйØÖƶȱ£ÕϵĽéÉÜ£¬¿É²Î¼û[ÈÕ]«²¿ÐÅϲ£º¡¶ÏÜ·¨¡·£¬Àîºèϲ Ò룬̨ÍåÔµ©³ö°æÉç1994Äê°æ£¬µÚ103Ò³ÒÔÏ¡£
[10] Éò¿ù£º¡¶¹«¹²ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯½¨¹¹µÄºÏ·¨»¯½øÂ·¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·2005ÄêµÚ4ÆÚ¡£ÎÄÕ¶Դ«Í³ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨ÀíÂÛÒÔÐÎʽ·¨ÖεÄÍ걸£¬Ó¦¶Ô¹«¹²ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¢Õ¹µÄµ¥Ò»ÔÒòÂÛ¡¢ÀíÏëµÄÐÎʽ¹æ·¶Ö÷ÒåºÍ¾ø¶ÔµÄ½¨¹¹ÀíÐÔÖ÷ÒåÇãÏò£¬×÷³öÁËÅúÅУ¬²¢Ìá³öÁ˶àÏòÔÒòÂÛ¡¢¾ÑéµÄʵÖʹ淶Ö÷ÒåºÍ¸´ºÏÀíÐÔÖ÷ÒåµÄÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨Ñо¿·½·¨¡£
[11] ³Â°®¶ð£º¡¶¹ú¼Ò½ÇÉ«±äǨϵÄÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ôµ©·¨Ñ§½ÌÊÒ¡·µÚ1ÆÚ£¨2002Äê11Ô£©¡£
[12] [µÂ]Âí¿Ë˼•Τ²®£º¡¶¾¼ÃÓëÉç»á¡·£¨Ï£©£¬ÁÖÈÙÔ¶Ò룬ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý1997Äê°æ£¬µÚ279Ò³¡£
[13] ÈçÎÒ¹úÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§½ç¶ÔÉϼ¶Î¥·¨ÃüÁîϹ«ÎñÔ±µØÎ»µÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¾Í½è¼øÁË·¨¹úµÄÏà¹ØÑо¿£º¡°¹«ÎñÔ±µÄ·þ´ÓÒåÎñ²»ÊǾø¶ÔÐÔÖÊ£¬¹«ÎñÔ±¶ÔÓÚÃ÷ÏÔ¶øÑÏÖØµÄÎ¥·¨ÃüÁÓоܾø·þ´ÓµÄÒåÎñ¡£¡±²Î¼ûÍõÃûÑ¡¶·¨¹úÐÐÕþ·¨¡·£¬ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç1988Äê°æ£¬µÚ749Ò³¡£
[14] ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧµÄѦ¸ÕÁè½ÌÊÚнü³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÐÐÕþÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ïÑо¿¡·ÖУ¬²Å±ÙרÕÂÌÖÂÛÁ˲ÆÕþÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ïµÄÎÊÌâ¡£²Î¼ûѦ¸ÕÁ裺¡¶ÐÐÕþÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ïÑо¿¡·£¬±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉç2006Äê°æ£¬µÚ13Õ¡£
[15] ³Â°®¶ð£º¡¶ÐÐÕþÈÎÎñÈ¡ÏòµÄÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯·¨¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ôµ©·¨Ñ§½ÌÊÒ¡·µÚ5ÆÚ£¨2003Äê3Ô£©¡£
[16]Carol Harlow£®Richard Rawlings, Law and Administration, Butterworths, London, Edinburgh, Dublin£®1997£®p136.
[17] David Osborne, Peter Plastrik, Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government, Preseus Publishing, A Subsidiary of Perseus Publishing, 2000, p.147.
[18] ÁÖÈýÇÕ£º¡¶¿¼¼¨³Í´¦Ö®ºÏÏÜÐÔ¼°Æä¾È¼Ã³ÌÐò¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÏÜÕþʱ´ú¡·µÚ25¾íµÚ4ÆÚ¡£
[19] ÀîºéÀ×£º¡¶ÆäËû³Ðµ£ÐÐÕþÈÎÎñµÄÖ÷Ìå¡·£¬ÔØÓ¦ËÉÄêÖ÷±à£º¡¶µ±´úÖйúÐÐÕþ·¨¡·£¨ÉÏ£©£¬Öйú·½Õý³ö°æÉç2005Äê°æ£¬µÚ377Ò³¡£
[20] Ðí×ÚÁ¦£º¡¶¹ú¼Ò»ú¹ØµÄ·¨ÈË»¯©¤©¤ÐÐÕþ×éÖ¯ÔÙÔìµÄÁíһѡÔñ;¾¶¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ôµ©·¨Ñ§ÔÓÖ¾¡·µÚ57ÆÚ£¨2000Äê2Ô£©¡£
[21] RICHARD J£®PIERCE, The Inherent Limits on Judicial Control of Agency Discretion: The D.C. Circuit and the Nondelegation Doctrine, 52 ADMIN£®L£®REV£®63.
[22] [ÃÀ]Àí²éµÂ•B•˹ͼ¶ûÌØ£º¡¶ÃÀ¹úÐÐÕþ·¨µÄÖØ¹¹¡·£¬Éò¿ù Ò룬ÉÌÎñÓ¡Êé¹Ý2002Äê°æ£¬µÚ196Ò³¡£
[23] Joseph£®P£®Tomain£¬Sidney£®A£®Shapiro, Analyzing Government regulation, 49 Admin£® L£®Rev£®380£® 1977.
[24] Ƥ´¿Ð¡¢Íõ´Ô»¢£º¡¶ÐÐÕþÖ÷ÌåµÄÐÐÕþ·¨ÂÉÔðÈεÄÑݽø¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÐÐÕþ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·2000ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ¡£
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