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COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA [*1]
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This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (·¨¹æÈ«ÎÄ)
COPYRIGHT LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA [*1]
(Adopted at the 15th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Seventh National People's Congress on September 7, 1990, promulgated by
Order No. 31 of the President of the People's Republic of China on
September 7, 1990, and effective as of June 1, 1991)
Contents
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Copyright
Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights
Section 2 Ownership of Copyright
Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights
Section 4 Limitations on Rights
Chapter III Copyright Licensing Contracts
Chapter IV Publication, Performance, Sound Recording, Video Recording
and Broadcasting
Section 1 Publication of Books, Newspapers and Periodicals
Section 2 Performance
Section 3 Sound Recording and Video Recording
Section 4 Broadcasting by Radio Station or Television
Station
Chapter V Legal Liability
Chapter VI Supplementary Provisions
Chapter I General Provisions
Article 1
This Law is enacted, in accordance with the Constitution for the purposes
of protecting the copyright of authors in their literary, artistic and
scientific works and rights and interests related to copyright, of
encouraging the creation and dissemination of works which would contribute
to the building of an advanced socialist culture and ideology and to
socialist material development, and of promoting the development and
flourishing of socialist culture and sciences.
Article 2
Works of Chinese citizens, legal persons or entities without legal
personality, whether published or not, shall enjoy copyright in accordance
with this Law. Works of foreigners first published in the territory of
the People's Republic of China shall enjoy copyright in accordance with
this Law.
Any work of a foreigner published outside the territory of the People's
Republic of China which is eligible to enjoy copyright under an agreement
concluded between the country to which the foreigner belongs and China, or
under an international treaty to which both countries are parties, shall
be protected in accordance with this Law.
Article 3
For the purpose of this Law, the term "works" includes works of
literature, art, natural science, social science, engineering technology
and the like which are created in the following forms:
(1) written works;
(2) oral works;
(3) musical, dramatic, quyi and choreographic works;
(4) Works of fine art and photographic works;
(5) cinematographic, television and video-graphic works;
(6) drawings of engineering designs and product designs, and descriptions
thereof;
(7) maps, sketches and other graphic works;
(8) computer software;
(9) other works as provided for in law and administrative rules and
regulations.
Article 4
Works the publication or distribution of which is prohibited by law shall
not be protected by this law.
Copyright owners, in exercising their copyright, shall not violate the
Constitution or laws or prejudice the public interests.
Article 5
This law shall not be applicable to:
(1) laws; regulations; resolutions, decisions and orders of state organs;
other documents of legislative, administrative and judicial nature; and
their official translations;
(2) news on current affairs; and
(3) calendars, numerical tables, forms of general use and formulas.
Article 6
Measures for the protection of copyright in works of folk literature and
art shall be established separately by the State Council.
Article 7
Where any scientific or technological work is protected under the Patent
Law, the Law on Technology Contracts or similar laws, the provisions of
those laws shall apply.
Article 8
The copyright administration department under the State Council shall be
responsible for the nationwide administration of copyright. The copyright
administration department under the people's government of each province,
autonomous region and municipality directly under the Central Government
shall be responsible for the administration of copyright in its respective
administrative area.
Chapter II Copyright
Section 1 Copyright Owners and Their Rights
Article 9
The term "copyright owners" shall include:
(1) authors; and
(2) other citizens, legal persons and entities without legal personality
enjoying copyright in accordance with this Law.
Article 10
The term "copyright" shall include the following personal rights and
property rights:
(1) the right of publication, that is, the right to decide whether to make
a work available to the public;
(2) the right of authorship, that is, the right to claim authorship and to
have the author's name indicated on his works;
(3) the right of alternation, that is, the right to alter or authorize
others to alter one's work;
(4) the right of integrity, that is, the right to protect one's work
against distortion and mutilation;
(5) the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration, that is, the
right of exploiting one's work by means of reproduction, performance,
broadcasting, exhibition distribution, making cinematographic, television
or video production, adaptation, translation, annotation, compilation and
the like, and the right of authorizing others to exploit one's work by the
above-mentioned means, and of receiving remuneration therefor.
Section 2 Ownership of Copyright
Article 11
Except where otherwise provided in this Law, the copyright in a work shall
belong to its author.
The author of a work is the citizen who has created the work.
Where a work is created according to the will and under the sponsorship
and the responsibility of a legal or entity without legal personality,
such legal person or entity without legal personality shall be deemed to
be the author of the work. The citizen, legal person or entity without
legal personality whose name is indicated on a work shall, in the absence
of proof to the contrary, be deemed to be the author of the work
Article 12
Where a work is created by adaptation, translation, annotation or
arrangement of a pre-existing work, the copyright in the work thus created
shall be enjoyed by the adaptor, translator or arranger, provided that the
exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the
original work.
Article 13
Where a work is created jointly by two or more co-authors, the copyright
in the work shall be enjoyed jointly by those co-authors. Any person who
has not participated in the creation of the work may not claim the co-
authorship.
If a work of joint authorship can be separated into independent parts and
exploited separately, each co-author may be entitled to independent
copyright in the parts that he has created, provided that the exercise of
such copyright shall not prejudice the copyright in the joint work as a
whole.
Article 14
The copyright in a work created by compilation shall be enjoyed by the
compiler, provided that the exercise of such copyright shall not prejudice
the copyright in the preexisting works included in the compilation.
The authors of such works included in a compilation as can be exploited
separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright in their works
independently.
Article 15
The director, screenwriter, lyricist, composer, cameraman and other
authors of a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work shall enjoy
the right of authorship in the work, while the other rights included in
the copyright shall be enjoyed by the producer of the work.
The authors of screenplay, musical works and other works that are included
in a cinematographic, television or video-graphic work and can be
exploited separately shall be entitled to exercise their copyright
independently.
Article 16
A work created by a citizen in the fulfillment of tasks assigned to him by
a legal person or entity without legal personality shall be deemed to be a
work created in the course of employment. The copyright in such a work
shall, subject to the provisions of the second paragraph of this Article,
be enjoyed by the author, provided that the legal person or entity without
legal personality shall have a right of priority to exploit the work
within the scope of its professional activities. During the two years
after the completion of the work, the author may not, without the consent
of the legal person or entity without legal personality, authorize a third
party to exploit the work int the same way as the legal person or entity
without legal personality does. The author of a work created in the
course of employment in one of the following circumstances shall enjoy the
right of authorship, while the legal person or entity without legal
personality shall enjoy the other rights included in the copyright and may
reward the author:
(1) drawings of engineering designs and product designs and descriptions
thereof; computer software; maps and other works created in the course of
employment mainly with the material and technical resources of the legal
person or entity without legal personality and under its responsibility;
(2) works created in the course of employment where the copyright is, in
accordance with laws, administrative rules and regulations or contracts
concerned, enjoyed by the legal person or entity without legal
personality.
Article 17
The ownership of copyright in a commissioned work shall be agreed upon in
a contract between the commissioning and the commissioned parties. In the
absence of a contract or of an explicit agreement in the contract, the
copyright in such a work shall belong to the commissioned party.
Article 18
The transfer of ownership of the original copy of a work of fine art, or
other works, shall not be deemed to include the transfer of the copyright
in such work, provided that the right to exhibit the original copy of a
work of fine art shall be enjoyed by the owner of such original copy.
Article 19
Where the copyright in a work belongs to a citizen, the right of
exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of the work shall,
after his death, during the term of protection provided for in this Law,
be transferred in accordance with the provisions of the Law of Succession.
Where the copyright in a work belongs to a legal person or entity without
legal personality, the right of exploitation and the right to remuneration
shall, after the change or the termination of the legal person or entity
without legal personality, during the term of protection provided for in
this Law, be enjoyed by the succeeding legal person or entity without
legal personality which has taken over the former's rights and
obligations, or, in the absence of such a successor entity, by the state.
Section 3 Term of Protection of Rights
Article 20
The term of protection of the rights of authorship, alteration, and
integrity of an author shall be unlimited.
Article 21
The term of protection of the right of publication, the right of
exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of a work of a
citizen shall be the life time of the author and fifty years after his
death, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after his death. In
the case of a work of joint authorship, such term shall expire on December
31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the last surviving author. The
term of protection of the right of publication, the right of exploitation
and the right to remuneration in respect of a work where the copyright
belongs to a legal person or entity without legal personality, or in
respect of a work created in the course of employment where the legal
person or entity without legal personality enjoys the copyright (except
the right of authorship), shall be fifty years, expiring on December 31 of
the fiftieth year after the first publication of such work, provided that
any such work that has not been published within fifty years after the
completion of its creation shall no longer be protected under this Law.
The term of protection of the right of publication, the right of
exploitation and the right to remuneration in respect of a
cinematographic, television, video-graphic or photographic work shall be
fifty years, expiring on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first
publication of such work, provided that any such work that has not been
published within fifty years after the completion of its creation shall no
longer be protected under this Law.
Section 4 Limitations on Rights
Article 22
In the following cases, a work may be used without permission from, and
without payment of remuneration to, the copyright owner, provided that the
name of the author and the title of the work shall be indicated and the
other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner by virtue of this Law shall
not be prejudiced:
(1) use of a published work of others for the user's own private study,
research or self entertainment;
(2) appropriate quotation from a published work of others in one's work
for the purposes of introduction to, or comment on, a work, or
demonstration of a point;
(3) use of a published work in newspapers, periodicals, radio programmes,
television programmes or newsreels for the purpose of reporting current
affairs;
(4) reprinting by newspapers or periodicals, or rebroadcasting by radio
stations or television stations, of editorials or commentator's articles
published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations or television
stations;
(5) publication in newspapers or periodicals, or broadcasting by radio
stations or television stations, of a speech delivered at a public
gathering, except where the author has declared that the publication or
broadcasting is not permitted;
(6) translation or reproduction in a small quantity of copies, of a
published work for use by teachers or scientific researchers, in classroom
teaching or scientific research, provided that the translation or
reproduction shall not be published or distributed;
(7) use of a published work by a state organ for the purpose of performing
its official duties;
(8) reproduction of a work in its collections by a library, an archives
center, a memorial hall, a museum, an art gallery or a similar
institution, for the purposes of display, or preservation of a copy, of
the work;
(9) free performance of a published work;
(10) copying, drawing, photographing, or video recording of an artistic
work located or on display in an outdoor public place;
(11) translation of a published work from the language of the Han
nationality into minority nationality languages for publication and
distribution in the country;
(12) transliteration of a published work into Braille and publication of
the work so transliterated.
The above limitations on rights shall be applicable also to the rights of
publishers, performers, producers of sound recordings and video
recordings, radio stations and television stations.
Chapter III Copyright Licensing Contracts
Article 23
Anyone who exploits a work created by others shall, except where no
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