¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·¸ùÔ´ÓÚ1789Ä꡶˾·¨·¨¡·µÚ9Ìõ£¬¾¹ý¼¸´ÎÐÞ¶©ºó£¬Ä¿Ç°±à×ëÔÚ¡¶ÃÀ¹ú·¨µä¡·µÚ1350Ìõ£¬¹æ¶¨£º¡°¶ÔÍâ¹úÈ˽ö»ùÓÚËùʵʩµÄÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨»òÕßÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼ÌáÆðµÄÈκÎÇÖȨÃñÊÂËßËÏ£¬Áª°îµØ·½·¨Ôº¾ßÓгõʼ¹ÜϽȨ¡£¡±¸ÃÌõ¿îÖÆ¶¨³öÀ´ºó»ù±¾ÉÏ´¦ÓÚ³Á¼Å״̬£¬Ö±µ½1980Äê¡£ÃÀ¹úµÚ¶þѲ»ØÉÏËß·¨ÔºÔÚFilartiga v.Pena-Irala°¸ÖеÄÅоöÈá¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·×ßÉÏÁ˸´ÐË֮·£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÔÚѧÊõ½çÏÆÆðÁ˶ÔÓÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄ³ǫ̈±³¾°ÓëÁ¢·¨Ä¿µÄµÄÕùÂÛ¡£Ä¿Ç°£¬Ò»°ãÈÏΪ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄͨ¹ý£¬Ö±½ÓÔÒòÊÇ»ØÓ¦MaiboisʼþµÈÍ⽻Σ»ú£¬±ÜÃâÒò¡°¾Ü¾øË¾·¨¡±¶øÏÝÁª°îÕþ¸®ÓÚ²»ÀûµØÎ»¡£×îÖÕ£¬ÔÚÏÜÕþÌåÖÆÉÏ£¬Áª°îÖ÷ÒåÕ¼¾ÝÖ÷µ¼£¬Áª°î·¨Ôº³ÉÁËÉóÀíÉæ¼°Íâ¹úÈ˵ݸ¼þµÄÖ÷Ҫ˾·¨»ú¹Ø¡£
ÔÚ³¤ÆÚµÄʵ¼ùÖУ¬Ãæ¶Ô¸÷½çµÄÕùÒéÒÔ¼°Éç»á²»¶Ï±äǨµÄÏÖʵ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·Ò²ÔÚ±äǨ£¬ÊÆÁ¦·¶Î§²»¶ÏÀ©ÕÅ¡£¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úµÄ¸´ÐË£¬ÓëÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚµÄÃñȨÔ˶¯µÄ¸ßÕÇÒÔ¼°¹ú¼ÊÃñÊÂËßËϵı¬Õ¨Ãܲ»¿É·Ö¡£
ÒªÀí½â¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄÄÚº£¬±ØÐë°ÑÎÕסʲôÊÇÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨»òÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼µÄÇÖȨÒÔ¼°ËßËÏÖ÷Ìå×ʸñ¡£¹ØÓÚʲôÊÇÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨µÄÇÖȨ£¬ÃÀ¹úÁª°î·¨ÔºÒ»°ãÈ϶¨Ö»ÓÐÄÇЩ¹ú¼ÊÇ¿ÖÆ¹æ·¶²ÅΪÊܺ¦ÈËÌṩÁËËßÒò¡£ÖÁÓÚÎ¥·´ÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼µÄÇÖȨ£¬ÃÀ¹úÁª°î·¨ÔºÊDz»´óÔ¸ÒâÒÔ±»¸æÎ¥·´ÃÀ¹úµÄÌõԼΪÓɶøÈñ»¸æ³Ðµ£ÔðÈε쬶øÊǾ³£½«ÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄ¹ú¼ÊÌõÔ¼×÷Ϊ¹ú¼Êϰ¹ß·¨µÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬´Ó¶ø½«ÌõÔ¼×÷Ϊ±»¸æÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨µÄÖ¤¾Ý¡£¹ØÓÚµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄËßËÏÖ÷Ìå×ʸñÎÊÌ⣬ҪÇóÔ¸æ±ØÐëÊÇÍâ¹úÈË£¬¼´²»¾ßÓÐÃÀ¹ú¹ú¼®£»ÖÁÓÚ±»¸æµÄÉí·Ý£¬Æð³õ¶¼ÊÇÕë¶ÔÍâ¹úÕþ¸®¼°Æä¹ÙÔ±£¬ºóÀ´Õë¶ÔÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®¼°Æä¹ÙÔ±ÒÔ¼°¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾¡¢¸öÈ˵ÄËßËϰ¸¼þÔÚÔö¼Ó¡£Ëæ×ÅԸ濪ʼÕë¶Ô¹«Ë¾ÌáÆðÃñÊÂËßËÏ£¬¶ÔÓÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÊÇ·ñÓ¦ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹«Ë¾µÄʵ¼ù²úÉúÁËÕùÒ顣ΪÁËÈÃÊܺ¦È˵õ½¾È¼Ã£¬±ÜÃ⹫˾ÌÓ±ÜÈËȨÔðÈΣ¬Õë¶Ô¹«Ë¾µÄËßËϽ«»áÔö¼Ó¡£
ÔÚŪÇåÁË¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄÄÚººó£¬Áª°î·¨ÔºÒªÐÐʹ¹ÜϽȨ£¬±ØÐëÂú×ã¶ÔÈ˹ÜϽȨºÍÊÂÏî¹ÜϽȨµÄÒªÇó¡£ÔÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ËßËÏÖУ¬¶ÔÈ˹ÜϽȨµÄ»ù´¡ÊDZ»¸æÔÚ·¨Ôº³öÍ¥»òÕßͬÒâ·¨ÔºµÄ¹ÜϽȨ£¬»òÕß±»¸æÓë·¨ÔºµØ¾ßÓÐijÖÖ³ÖÐøµÄÁªÏµ£¬ÖÁÉÙÒªÂú×ã¡°×îµÍÏ޶ȵÄÁªÏµ¡±µÄÒªÇ󣬲¢ÇÒ·ûºÏ¡°Õýµ±³ÌÐò¡±Ìõ¿îµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬²»»áÓÐÎ¥´«Í³µÄ¹«Æ½ÉóÅкÍʵÖÊÕýÒå¡£¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÖеĹÜϽȨ²¢²»ÊÇÆÕ±éÃñʹÜϽȨ£¬¶øÊǸù¾ÝÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉÀ´ÐÐʹµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ°¸¼þʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÓëÃÀ¹úÏà¹ØµÄ¡£
ͨ¹ýÐÐʹ¹ÜϽȨ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡··¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒªµÄÓ°ÏìºÍ×÷Óã¬ÈÃÐÐΪÈ˳е£ÔðÈΡ¢ÓÐÖúÓÚÍþÉåDZÔÚµÄÐÐΪÈË¡¢¾È¼ÃÊܺ¦ÈË£¬²¢ÇÒΪÈËȨ·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹×÷³ö¹±Ïס£Òò´Ë£¬Ã»ÓбØÒªÐ޸ĻòÏÞÖÆ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·¡£
ÔڲþöÉæ¼°¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄËßËÏʱ±ØÈ»ÒªÃæ¶Ô·¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñÎÊÌ⣬Ȼ¶ø£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·±¾ÉíÓÖûÓй涨·¨ÂÉÑ¡Ôñ¹æÔòÒÔ¼°¿ÉÊÊÓõķ¨ÂÉ¡£¶ÔÓÚ·¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñÎÊÌ⣬ËäÈ»¸÷¸öѲ»Ø·¨ÔºÖ®¼ä´æÔںܴóµÄ·ÖÆç£¬²»¹ý×ÜÌåÉÏÈÔÈ»ÊÇÊÜ¡¶²ÃÅйæÔò·¨¡·Óë¡¶µÚ¶þ´Î³åÍ»·¨ÖØÊö¡·µÄÖ¸Òý¡£¶ÔÓÚËùËßÐÐΪµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔ£¬·¨ÔºÒ»°ãÊÊÓùú¼Ê·¨ºÍÇÖȨÐÐΪµØ·¨£¬¶ø¶ÔÓÚÅâ³¥½ð¶îºÍËßËÏʱЧÎÊÌâÔòÊÊÓÃÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚ·¨£¬°üÀ¨Áª°îÆÕͨ·¨¡£
Ô¸æ¸ù¾Ý¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÌáÆðÃñÊÂËßËϺ󣬱»¸æ¿ÉÒÔÌá³ö²»·½±ã·¨Ôº¡¢Óþ¡µ±µØ¾È¼Ã¡¢¹ú¼Ò»íÃâ¡¢¹ú¼ÒÐÐΪÀíÂÛ¡¢¹ú¼ÊÀñÈá¢ÕþÖÎÐÐΪÀíÂ۵ȿ¹±ç£¬Ðí¶à°¸¼þ¶¼Òò´Ë±»³·ÏúÁË¡£
ÓëÃÀ¹úÀàËÆ£¬ÆäËû¹ú¼ÒÒ²Ôø¾Óöµ½Î¥·´¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÇÖȨËßËϰ¸¼þ¡£´ÓÓ¢¹úµÄAl-Adsani°¸¡¢Jones°¸¡¢¼ÓÄôóµÄBouzari°¸¡¢Òâ´óÀûµÄFerrini°¸ºÍÏ£À°µÄVoiotia°¸¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬ÒÔÎ¥·´¹ú¼Ê·¨ÎªÓÉ×·¾¿±»¸æµÄÇÖȨÃñÊÂÔðÈΣ¬ÔÚÃÀ¹úÖ®ÍâµÄÆäËû¹ú¼Ò²¢Ã»Óеõ½ÆÕ±éÈϿɡ£ÃÀ¹úµÄÍâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇóËßËϵķ±ÈÙ£¬¸ùÔ´ÓÚÃÀ¹ú¶ÀÌØµÄ·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶È£¬ÄÑÒÔΪÆäËû¹ú¼ÒËùÒÆÖ²¡¢¸´ÖÆºÍ½è¼ø¡£ ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·¸ùÔ´ÓÚ1789Ä꡶˾·¨·¨¡·µÚ9Ìõ£¬¾¹ý¼¸´ÎÐÞ¶©ºó£¬Ä¿Ç°±à×ëÔÚ¡¶ÃÀ¹ú·¨µä¡·µÚ1350Ìõ£¬¹æ¶¨£º¡°¶ÔÍâ¹úÈ˽ö»ùÓÚËùʵʩµÄÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨»òÕßÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼ÌáÆðµÄÈκÎÇÖȨÃñÊÂËßËÏ£¬Áª°îµØ·½·¨Ôº¾ßÓгõʼ¹ÜϽȨ¡£¡±¸ÃÌõ¿îÖÆ¶¨³öÀ´ºó»ù±¾ÉÏ´¦ÓÚ³Á¼Å״̬£¬Ö±µ½1980Äê¡£ÃÀ¹úµÚ¶þѲ»ØÉÏËß·¨ÔºÔÚFilartiga v.Pena-Irala°¸ÖеÄÅоöÈá¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·×ßÉÏÁ˸´ÐË֮·£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÔÚѧÊõ½çÏÆÆðÁ˶ÔÓÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄ³ǫ̈±³¾°ÓëÁ¢·¨Ä¿µÄµÄÕùÂÛ¡£Ä¿Ç°£¬Ò»°ãÈÏΪ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄͨ¹ý£¬Ö±½ÓÔÒòÊÇ»ØÓ¦MaiboisʼþµÈÍ⽻Σ»ú£¬±ÜÃâÒò¡°¾Ü¾øË¾·¨¡±¶øÏÝÁª°îÕþ¸®ÓÚ²»ÀûµØÎ»¡£×îÖÕ£¬ÔÚÏÜÕþÌåÖÆÉÏ£¬Áª°îÖ÷ÒåÕ¼¾ÝÖ÷µ¼£¬Áª°î·¨Ôº³ÉÁËÉóÀíÉæ¼°Íâ¹úÈ˵ݸ¼þµÄÖ÷Ҫ˾·¨»ú¹Ø¡£
ÔÚ³¤ÆÚµÄʵ¼ùÖУ¬Ãæ¶Ô¸÷½çµÄÕùÒéÒÔ¼°Éç»á²»¶Ï±äǨµÄÏÖʵ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·Ò²ÔÚ±äǨ£¬ÊÆÁ¦·¶Î§²»¶ÏÀ©ÕÅ¡£¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úµÄ¸´ÐË£¬ÓëÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚµÄÃñȨÔ˶¯µÄ¸ßÕÇÒÔ¼°¹ú¼ÊÃñÊÂËßËϵı¬Õ¨Ãܲ»¿É·Ö¡£
ÒªÀí½â¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄÄÚº£¬±ØÐë°ÑÎÕסʲôÊÇÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨»òÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼µÄÇÖȨÒÔ¼°ËßËÏÖ÷Ìå×ʸñ¡£¹ØÓÚʲôÊÇÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨µÄÇÖȨ£¬ÃÀ¹úÁª°î·¨ÔºÒ»°ãÈ϶¨Ö»ÓÐÄÇЩ¹ú¼ÊÇ¿ÖÆ¹æ·¶²ÅΪÊܺ¦ÈËÌṩÁËËßÒò¡£ÖÁÓÚÎ¥·´ÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄÌõÔ¼µÄÇÖȨ£¬ÃÀ¹úÁª°î·¨ÔºÊDz»´óÔ¸ÒâÒÔ±»¸æÎ¥·´ÃÀ¹úµÄÌõԼΪÓɶøÈñ»¸æ³Ðµ£ÔðÈε쬶øÊǾ³£½«ÃÀ¹úµÞ½áµÄ¹ú¼ÊÌõÔ¼×÷Ϊ¹ú¼Êϰ¹ß·¨µÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬´Ó¶ø½«ÌõÔ¼×÷Ϊ±»¸æÎ¥·´Íò¹ú·¨µÄÖ¤¾Ý¡£¹ØÓÚµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄËßËÏÖ÷Ìå×ʸñÎÊÌ⣬ҪÇóÔ¸æ±ØÐëÊÇÍâ¹úÈË£¬¼´²»¾ßÓÐÃÀ¹ú¹ú¼®£»ÖÁÓÚ±»¸æµÄÉí·Ý£¬Æð³õ¶¼ÊÇÕë¶ÔÍâ¹úÕþ¸®¼°Æä¹ÙÔ±£¬ºóÀ´Õë¶ÔÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®¼°Æä¹ÙÔ±ÒÔ¼°¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾¡¢¸öÈ˵ÄËßËϰ¸¼þÔÚÔö¼Ó¡£Ëæ×ÅԸ濪ʼÕë¶Ô¹«Ë¾ÌáÆðÃñÊÂËßËÏ£¬¶ÔÓÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÊÇ·ñÓ¦ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¹«Ë¾µÄʵ¼ù²úÉúÁËÕùÒ顣ΪÁËÈÃÊܺ¦È˵õ½¾È¼Ã£¬±ÜÃ⹫˾ÌÓ±ÜÈËȨÔðÈΣ¬Õë¶Ô¹«Ë¾µÄËßËϽ«»áÔö¼Ó¡£
ÔÚŪÇåÁË¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄÄÚººó£¬Áª°î·¨ÔºÒªÐÐʹ¹ÜϽȨ£¬±ØÐëÂú×ã¶ÔÈ˹ÜϽȨºÍÊÂÏî¹ÜϽȨµÄÒªÇó¡£ÔÚ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ËßËÏÖУ¬¶ÔÈ˹ÜϽȨµÄ»ù´¡ÊDZ»¸æÔÚ·¨Ôº³öÍ¥»òÕßͬÒâ·¨ÔºµÄ¹ÜϽȨ£¬»òÕß±»¸æÓë·¨ÔºµØ¾ßÓÐijÖÖ³ÖÐøµÄÁªÏµ£¬ÖÁÉÙÒªÂú×ã¡°×îµÍÏ޶ȵÄÁªÏµ¡±µÄÒªÇ󣬲¢ÇÒ·ûºÏ¡°Õýµ±³ÌÐò¡±Ìõ¿îµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬²»»áÓÐÎ¥´«Í³µÄ¹«Æ½ÉóÅкÍʵÖÊÕýÒå¡£¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÖеĹÜϽȨ²¢²»ÊÇÆÕ±éÃñʹÜϽȨ£¬¶øÊǸù¾ÝÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚ·¨ÂÉÀ´ÐÐʹµÄ£¬¶øÇÒ°¸¼þʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÓëÃÀ¹úÏà¹ØµÄ¡£
ͨ¹ýÐÐʹ¹ÜϽȨ£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡··¢»Ó×ÅÖØÒªµÄÓ°ÏìºÍ×÷Óã¬ÈÃÐÐΪÈ˳е£ÔðÈΡ¢ÓÐÖúÓÚÍþÉåDZÔÚµÄÐÐΪÈË¡¢¾È¼ÃÊܺ¦ÈË£¬²¢ÇÒΪÈËȨ·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹×÷³ö¹±Ïס£Òò´Ë£¬Ã»ÓбØÒªÐ޸ĻòÏÞÖÆ¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·¡£
ÔڲþöÉæ¼°¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·µÄËßËÏʱ±ØÈ»ÒªÃæ¶Ô·¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñÎÊÌ⣬Ȼ¶ø£¬¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·±¾ÉíÓÖûÓй涨·¨ÂÉÑ¡Ôñ¹æÔòÒÔ¼°¿ÉÊÊÓõķ¨ÂÉ¡£¶ÔÓÚ·¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñÎÊÌ⣬ËäÈ»¸÷¸öѲ»Ø·¨ÔºÖ®¼ä´æÔںܴóµÄ·ÖÆç£¬²»¹ý×ÜÌåÉÏÈÔÈ»ÊÇÊÜ¡¶²ÃÅйæÔò·¨¡·Óë¡¶µÚ¶þ´Î³åÍ»·¨ÖØÊö¡·µÄÖ¸Òý¡£¶ÔÓÚËùËßÐÐΪµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔ£¬·¨ÔºÒ»°ãÊÊÓùú¼Ê·¨ºÍÇÖȨÐÐΪµØ·¨£¬¶ø¶ÔÓÚÅâ³¥½ð¶îºÍËßËÏʱЧÎÊÌâÔòÊÊÓÃÃÀ¹ú¹úÄÚ·¨£¬°üÀ¨Áª°îÆÕͨ·¨¡£
Ô¸æ¸ù¾Ý¡¶Íâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇ󷨡·ÌáÆðÃñÊÂËßËϺ󣬱»¸æ¿ÉÒÔÌá³ö²»·½±ã·¨Ôº¡¢Óþ¡µ±µØ¾È¼Ã¡¢¹ú¼Ò»íÃâ¡¢¹ú¼ÒÐÐΪÀíÂÛ¡¢¹ú¼ÊÀñÈá¢ÕþÖÎÐÐΪÀíÂ۵ȿ¹±ç£¬Ðí¶à°¸¼þ¶¼Òò´Ë±»³·ÏúÁË¡£
ÓëÃÀ¹úÀàËÆ£¬ÆäËû¹ú¼ÒÒ²Ôø¾Óöµ½Î¥·´¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÇÖȨËßËϰ¸¼þ¡£´ÓÓ¢¹úµÄAl-Adsani°¸¡¢Jones°¸¡¢¼ÓÄôóµÄBouzari°¸¡¢Òâ´óÀûµÄFerrini°¸ºÍÏ£À°µÄVoiotia°¸¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö£¬ÒÔÎ¥·´¹ú¼Ê·¨ÎªÓÉ×·¾¿±»¸æµÄÇÖȨÃñÊÂÔðÈΣ¬ÔÚÃÀ¹úÖ®ÍâµÄÆäËû¹ú¼Ò²¢Ã»Óеõ½ÆÕ±éÈϿɡ£ÃÀ¹úµÄÍâ¹úÈËÇÖȨÇëÇóËßËϵķ±ÈÙ£¬¸ùÔ´ÓÚÃÀ¹ú¶ÀÌØµÄ·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶È£¬ÄÑÒÔΪÆäËû¹ú¼ÒËùÒÆÖ²¡¢¸´ÖÆºÍ½è¼ø¡£
Copyright © 1999-2024 ·¨ÂÉͼÊé¹Ý
.
.