- ±àºÅ£º41230
- ÊéÃû£º»ù±¾È¨ÀûÏÞÖÆµÄÏÜ·¨Éó²é:ÒÔÉó²é»ù×¼¼°ÆäÀàÐÍ»¯Îª½¹µã/ÏÜ·¨Éó²éÔ
- ×÷ÕߣººÎÓÀºìÖø
- ³ö°æÉ磺·¨ÂÉ
- ³ö°æÊ±¼ä£º2009Äê7ÔÂ
- Èë¿âʱ¼ä£º2009-10-27
- ¶¨¼Û£º26
ͼÊéÄÚÈݼò½é
±¾Êé·Ö±ð´ÓµÂ¡¢ÃÀµÄÏÜ·¨Éó²éÖ®ÅÐÀýÖУ¬ÏµÍ³µØÊáÀíÁ½ÖÖģʽµÄÉó²é»ù×¼¼°ÆäÑÜÉú³öµÄ´Î¼¶Éó²é»ù×¼µÄÄÚÈݹ¹³ÉºÍÀàÐÍ»¯¹ý³Ì£»²¢½áºÏѧ˵ÓëÉóÅÐʵÎñ¹Ûµã¶Ô¶þÕߵķ¨Àí»ù´¡½øÐÐ͸ÎöºÍ·´Ë¼£¬ÒÔ½øÒ»²½Ì½Ë÷Á½ÖÖÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÀàÐÍ»¯¹æÂÉ¡£È»ºó£¬Í¨¹ýÁ½ÖÖģʽµÄÉó²é»ù×¼µÄ½á¹¹Ò»¹¦ÄܱȽϣ¬¶ÔÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨Éó²é»ù×¼µÄ¿ò¼Ü×÷³öÑ¡Ôñ£»×îºó£¬½è¼øÁ½ÖÖÀàÐÍ»¯ÐÝϵ¹¹³ÉµÄ·¨ÀíºÍ¼¼Êõ£¬½áºÏÎÒÃÇÏÜ·¨Òå±¾ÌØÕ÷¡¢ÖƶȺÍÕþ²ß»·¾³ÒÔ¼°¾ßÌå»ù±¾È¨ÀûµÄʱ´úÐÔ¿ÎÌ⣬Ìá³ö½¨Á¢ÎÒ¹úÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÀàÐÍ»¯ÌåϵµÄ¾ßÌåÉèÏë¡£
Õû¸öÑо¿¹á´©×۸Àý·ÖÎöµÄʵ֤·½·¨£¬ÌرðÖØÊÓ¶Ô¹úÍâµÄһЩ¹Ø¼üÐÔ°¸¼þ(leading case)½øÐо«Î¢½âÆÊ£»ä¯Ê±»¹Õë¶ÔÎÒ¹úнü·¢ÉúµÄ¾ßÕùÒéÖ®Á¢·¨Ê°¸£¬Ñо¿¸ö°¸ÖÐÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÑ¡ÔñºÍÔËÓá£
ͼÊéĿ¼
µÚÒ»ÕÂ ÒýÂÛ
µÚÒ»½Ú Ñо¿±³¾°¼°Ïà¹Ø½»´ú
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¹úÄÚÍâÑо¿ÏÖ×´
Ò»¡¢¹úÄÚµÄÑо¿¸Å¿ö
¶þ¡¢¹úÍâµÄÑо¿¸Å¿ö
µÚÈý½Ú Ñо¿µÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â·ÓëÄâ½â¾öµÄÎÊÌâ
Ò»¡¢Ñо¿µÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â·
¶þ¡¢Äâ½â¾öµÄÎÊÌâ
µÚËÄ½Ú Ñо¿µÄÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈݼ°´´ÐÂÖ®´¦
Ò»¡¢Ñо¿µÄÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈÝ
¶þ¡¢´´ÐÂÖ®´¦
µÚ¶þÕ µÂ¹úʽµÄµ¥Ò»»ù×¼
µÚÒ»½Ú ×÷Ϊµ¥Ò»Éó²é»ù×¼µÄ±ÈÀýÔÔòÖ®¸ÅÊö
Ò»¡¢±ÈÀýÔÔò(Verhfiltnismassigkeitsprinzip)µÄÈý²ã½á¹¹¼°ÊÊÓ÷¶Àý
(Ò»)±ÈÀýÔÔòµÄÈý²ã½á¹¹
(¶þ)±ÈÀýÔÔòÊÊÓõķ¶Àý
¶þ¡¢±ÈÀýÔÔò×÷Ϊ¡°¿Õ¶´µÄ¹«Ê½¡±µÄ״̬ÓëÉó²éÂÛÖ¤µÄ¼ÛÖµÁ¢³¡
µÚ¶þ½Ú ±ÈÀýÔÔòÊÊÓÃÖеIJ»Í¬Éó²éÃܶȣºÈý²ã´ÎÀíÂÛµÄÐγɼ°ÆäÄÚÈÝ
Ò»¡¢Ã÷ÏÔÐÔÉó²é(Evidenzkontmlle)
¶þ¡¢¿ÉÖ§³ÖÐÔÉó²é(Vertretbarkeitskontrolle)
Èý¡¢Ç¿Á¦µÄÉó²é(intensiveInhahstrollekon)
ËÄ¡¢Ð¡½á
µÚÈý½Ú Éó²éÃܶȵķ¨Àí͸Îö£ºÑ§ËµÓëʵÎñ
Ò»¡¢ÓйØÑ§Ëµ
(Ò»)ʵÌå¼ÛÖµÂÛ
(¶þ)¿Í¹Û¹æ·¶ÂÛ
(Èý)¹¦ÄÜ·¨µÄ¹Ûµã
(ËÄ)»ù±¾È¨ÀûÀíÂÛÊÓ½ÇµÄÆÀ¼Û¹Ûµã
¶þ¡¢ÉóÅÐʵÎñµÄ¼û½â
(Ò»)ʵÌå·¨µÄ¹Ûµã
(¶þ)¹¦ÄÜ·¨µÄ¹Ûµã
Èý¡¢¸÷¼Ò¹ÛµãµÄ½»ÈÚ»¥²¹ÐÔ
µÚËÄ½Ú ÀàÐÍ»¯µÄ»ù±¾·½·¨£ºÒÔÈ˸ñȨºËÐÄÀíÂÛΪ¾ÝµÄ»ù±¾È¨ÀûÊÜÇÖÁìÓòÖ®»®·Ö
Ò»¡¢Ö°Òµ×ÔÓÉÓëÈý½×ÀíÂÛ
¶þ¡¢Ò»°ãÈ˸ñȨ£º¡°Ë½ÃÜÁìÓò¡±(Intimspharte)¡¢¡°Ë½ÈËÁìÓò¡±(Privatsphare)ºÍ¡°Éç»áÁìÓò¡±(Sozialspliaire)
Èý¡¢ÒÕÊõ×ÔÓɵÄÁ½¸öÁìÓò£º´´×÷ÁìÓòÓëÉ¢²¼ÁìÓò
ËÄ¡¢»ù±¾È¨ÀûµÄÊÜÇÖÁìÓòÓëÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÇ¿¶È
µÚÎå½Ú ÀàÐÍ»¯»ù×¼µÄÁ÷¶¯ÐÔ£ºÔڹ淶ÓëÊÂʵ֮¼ä
Ò»¡¢ÀàÐÍ»¯¹¹½¨µÄ·Ç¹Ì¶¨ÐÔ
¶þ¡¢Î§Èƹ淶֤Á¢¼ÛÖµ£º¸÷ÖÖÊÂʵÒòËØµÄ¹ØÏµÂöÂç
µÚÈýÕ ÃÀ¹úʽµÄÈýÖØ»ù×¼
µÚÒ»½Ú ÈýÖØ»ù×¼µÄÄÚÈݹ¹³É
Ò»¡¢¡°ÑϸñÉó²é»ù×¼¡±(the strict scrutiny test)
¶þ¡¢¡°ÖжÈÉó²é»ù×¼¡±(the intermedliate scrutiny test)
Èý¡¢¡°ºÏÀíÐÔÉó²é»ù×¼¡±(the rational relationship test)
ËÄ¡¢¸÷Éó²é»ù×¼µÄ¹¹³É
µÚ¶þ½Ú ÈýÖØ»ù×¼µÄÔÐÍ£ºË«ÖØ»ù×¼
Ò»¡¢Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼µÄÔµÆð¼°Æä·¢Õ¹
(Ò»)Carolene ProductsÅоö¼°×¢½âËÄ
(¶þ)Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼ÔÚÉóÅÐʵÎñÖеÄÈ·Á¢Óë·¢Õ¹
(Èý)Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼µÄ½á¹¹±äǨ
¶þ¡¢ÔÚÀúÊ·ÂöÂçÖеı³¾°Ö®·ÖÎö
(Ò»)Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼£ºÉç»á¾ÑéÐèÇóµÄ±ØÈ»²úÎï
(¶þ)Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼µÄÍâÔÚ¶¯Òò£ºÄÉ´âÕþȨ¶ÔÈËȨÆÈº¦µÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÎÊÆ
Èý¡¢·¨Àí·ÖÎö£ºÊµÌå·¨¡¢³ÌÐòÂÛÓ빦ÄÜ·¨¹Ûµã
(Ò»)ʵÌå·¨µÄ¹Ûµã£ºÊÇ·ñȨÀûÓÅλ
(¶þ)³ÌÐòÂ۵Ĺ۵㣺·¨ÔºµÄÃñÖ÷³ÌÐò²¹³ä¹¦ÄÜ
(Èý)¹¦ÄÜ·¨µÄ¹Ûµã£º·¨ÔºµÄÊʵ±ÅжÏÄÜÁ¦
ËÄ¡¢Ë«ÖØ»ù×¼£º´«Í³·¨ÀíµÄ·´Ë¼Óë´´ÐÂ
(Ò»)ʵÌåÕýµ±³ÌÐò±£»¤ÁìÓò
(¶þ)ƽµÈ±£»¤ÁìÓò
µÚÈý½Ú ÓÉË«ÖØ»ù×¼µ½ÈýÖØ»ù×¼£ºÖжȻù×¼µÄµÇ³¡
Ò»¡¢Craig v.Boren°¸ÅоöÓëÖжȻù×¼µÄÐγÉ
¶þ¡¢±³¾°¼°ÒâÒå
Èý¡¢ÖжȻù×¼µÄ·¨Àí·ÖÎö
µÚËÄ½Ú ÀàÐÍ»¯µÄÀ©Õ¹£º¸ö±ðÐÔȨÀûÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÔÙ¾«Ï¸»¯
Ò»¡¢»ù´¡ÐÔȨÀûÁìÓò£º¡°ÏÞÖÆ½ÏСµÄ¿ÉÑ¡ÔñÊֶλù×¼¡±(less restrictive alternative test)
¶þ¡¢ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉ£ºÁìÓòµÄ»®·ÖÓëÉó²é»ù×¼µÄ¾ßÌ廯
(Ò»)´Ó¡°Ë«¹ìÀíÂÛ¡±(the two-track theory)µ½¡°Ë«½×ÀíÂÛ¡±(the two-level theory)
(¶þ)ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉ£ºÉó²é»ù×¼¾ßÌ廯
Èý¡¢×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉ£ºÉó²é»ù×¼µÄ·ÖÀàÓëϸ»¯
(Ò»)Õþ½Ì·ÖÀë°¸¼þÓë¡°Èý¸öÒª¼þ¡±»ù×¼
(¶þ)×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉÏÞÖÆµÄÁ½ÖÖÉó²é»ù×¼
ËÄ¡¢Ð¡½á
µÚËÄÕ ±È½ÏÓ뷴˼£ºÏÜ·¨Éó²é»ù×¼¿ò¼ÜµÄ¹¹Ïë
µÚÒ»½Ú Éó²é»ù×¼µÄ¿ò¼Ü»ù´¡£º±ÈÀýÔÔòÓëÈýÖØ»ù×¼
Ò»¡¢ÄÚÈݿն´µÄ¹«Ê½»¹ÊÇʵÖʵļÛÖµ»ù×¼
¶þ¡¢¡°ÌײÍʽ¡±Óë¡°µ¥µãʽ¡±ÊÊÓõÄÀû±×
Èý¡¢ÊÊÓÃµÄÆÕ±éÐÔÓë¾ÖÏÞÐÔ
µÚ¶þ½Ú Éó²é»ù×¼µÄÒª¼þ½á¹¹£ºÈý²ãÃܶȵÄÉó²é»ù×¼ÓëÈýÖØ»ù×¼
Ò»¡¢ÊÖ¶ÎÉó²é£º·½·¨µÄ²îÒìÐÔÓëЧ¹ûµÄͬ¹¹ÐÔ
¶þ¡¢Ä¿µÄÉó²éÉϵIJîÒìÐÔÓëÇ÷ͬÇãÏò
µÚÈý½Ú Á½ÖÖģʽµÄÉó²é»ù×¼£º²Ù×÷µÄ³éÏóÐÔ»¹ÊǾßÌåÐÔ
Ò»¡¢µÂ¹úģʽµÄÉó²é»ù×¼£º²Ù×÷µÄ³éÏóÐÔ
¶þ¡¢ÃÀ¹úģʽµÄÉó²é»ù×¼£º²Ù×÷µÄ¾ßÌåÐÔ
µÚËÄ½Ú ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨Éó²é»ù×¼µÄ¿ò¼Ü»ù´¡
µÚÎåÕ ·´¹ÛÖйú£ºÉó²é»ù×¼ÀàÐÍ»¯ÌåϵµÄ³õ²½ÉèÏë
µÚÒ»½Ú Éó²é±ê×¼ÀàÐÍ»¯Ìåϵ¹¹³ÉµÄ·¨Àí̽Ë÷
Ò»¡¢µÂ¡¢ÃÀÁ½ÖÖģʽµÄ·¨Àí£º¹²Í¨ÐÔÓëÌØÊâÐÔ
(Ò»)¹²Í¨µÄ·¨Àí
(¶þ)ÌØ±ðµÄ·¨Àí
¶þ¡¢Á½ÖÖģʽµÄ·¨Àí¹¹³ÉÌØÕ÷¼°ÆäÔÒò
(Ò»)µÂ¹úģʽ
(¶þ)ÃÀ¹úģʽ
Èý¡¢Á½ÖÖģʽµÄ·¨Àí¹¹³ÉÒªËØÈںϻ¥²¹
µÚ¶þ½Ú Á½ÖÖģʽµÄÀàÐÍ»¯Ìåϵ֮½è¼ø£ººê¹Û²ã´ÎµÄ¹¹Ïë
Ò»¡¢ÒÔÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨¹æ·¶ÎªÃ½½éµÄË«ÖØ»ù×¼Ö®µ¼Èë
¶þ¡¢ÒÔÈ˸ñȨºËÐÄ·¨ÀíΪ¾µµÄÀàÐÍ»¯»ù×¼Ö®À©Õ¹
Èý¡¢»ØÓ¦»ù±¾È¨Àûʱ´ú¿ÎÌâµÄÀàÐÍ»¯»ù×¼Ö®µ÷ÊÊ
ËÄ¡¢ÃÀ¹úʽ¸ö±ðȨÀûµÄ¾ßÌåÉó²é»ù×¼Ö®ºÏÀíÀûÓÃ
µÚÈý½Ú ÎÒ¹úÉó²é±ê×¼ÀàÐÍ»¯ÌåϵµÄ¾ßÌå·½°¸
Ò»¡¢¡°Ë«Ïß¹¹½¨¡±Óë¡°Èý²ãÉó²é¡±
¶þ¡¢×ÔÓÉȨÏÞÖÆ£ºÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÀàÐÍ»¯
(Ò»)ÑϸñÉó²é
(¶þ)ÖжÈÉó²é
(Èý)ºÏÀíÐÔÉó²é
Èý¡¢Æ½µÈȨÏÞÖÆ£ºÉó²é»ù×¼ÀàÐÍ»¯
(Ò»)ÑϸñÉó²é
(¶þ)ÖмäÉó²é
(Èý)ºÏÀíÐÔÉó²é
µÚÁùÕ ´ú½áÂÛ£ºÒÔÎÒ¹úÈô¸ÉÏÜ·¨Ê°¸ÎªÀýµÄÓ¦Ó÷ÖÎö
µÚÒ»½Ú ºÏÏÜÒÖ»òÎ¥ÏÜ£¿¡ª¡ªÖйúÒÒ¸ÎÆçÊÓµÚÒ»°¸¼òÎö
Ò»¡¢±¾°¸ÖеÄÏÜ·¨È¨Àû
¶þ¡¢ºÏÏÜÐÔÅжϵĻù׼ѡÔñ
Èý¡¢±¾°¸ÖеÄÏÜ·¨È¨ÀûÊÇ·ñÊܵ½ÇÖ·¸
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¡¶ÓéÀÖ³¡Ëù¹ÜÀíÌõÀý¡·½ûÒµÌõ¿îµÄºÏÏÜÐÔ˼¿¼
Ò»¡¢ÕùÒé½¹µã¼°ÎÊÌâËùÔÚ
¶þ¡¢Ö°Òµ×ÔÓÉȨÏÞÖÆµÄÉó²é»ù×¼±È½Ï
Èý¡¢·´¹Û±¾°¸£º·ÖÎöÓëÅжÏ
µÚÈý½Ú ÐÔ±ðÆ½µÈ»¹ÊÇÄÐÅ®Óб𡪡ªÅ®ÐÔÓŻݴýÓöµÄºÏÏÜÐÔ̽Îö
Ò»¡¢ÒÔʵÖÊÆ½µÈΪºËÐĵı£ÕÏÁìÓò
¶þ¡¢ÓÅ»ÝÐÔ²î±ðÉó²é»ù×¼µÄÊÊÓÃ
Èý¡¢±¾ÊÂÀýÅ®ÐÔÓŻݴýÓöµÄºÏÏÜÐÔ̽Îö
(Ò»)¸¾Å®²ÎÕþµÄÓŻݴýÓöÊÇ·ñºÏÏÜ
(¶þ)ÄÐ×ÓÀë»é½ûÖ¹ÆÚ¹æ¶¨ÊÇ·ñºÏÏÜ
(Èý)ÊÊÁäŮͯÊܽÌÓýȨµÄÌØÊâ±£»¤ÊÇ·ñºÏÏÜ
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
ºó¼Ç
±¾Êé¹²225Ò³