- ±àºÅ£º30328
- ÊéÃû£º¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊä·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈÑо¿
- ×÷Õߣº»ÆÁ¦»ªÖø
- ³ö°æÉ磺·¨ÂÉ
- ³ö°æÊ±¼ä£º2007Äê7ÔÂ
- Èë¿âʱ¼ä£º2007-8-13
- ¶¨¼Û£º25
ͼÊéÄÚÈݼò½é
×÷Õßͨ¹ý¶Ô±È·ÖÎö¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·¡¢¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·ÒÔ¼°Ïà¹ØÐ¶¨Êé¡¢ÐÒéÊéµÄ·½Ê½£¬¶Ô¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä¡¢¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊäµÈ»ù±¾ÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁ˲ûÊö¡£
ͼÊéĿ¼
µÚÒ»²¿·Ö ×Ü ÂÙ£¯l
µÚÒ»Õ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊä¼òÊö£¯3
µÚÒ»½Ú º½¿ÕÊ·¼ò½é 3
µÚ¶þ½Ú µ÷Õû¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊäµÄ·¨Âɹ淶£¯6
µÚÈý½Ú Óë¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊäÏà¹ØµÄ¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯ 14
µÚËÄ½Ú ÃÀ¹úÓë¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊäµÄ¹ØÏµ£¯22
µÚÎå½Ú ÖйúÓë¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊä¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¯26
µÚ¶þÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊ䷨ѧ¼°¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·¡¢¡¶ÃÉÌØ
Àû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¼ò½é£¯28
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊ䷨ѧ·¢Õ¹ÏÖ×´¼ò½é 28
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊ䷨ѧµÄÑо¿·½Ïò£¯31
µÚÈý½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·Ëùµ÷ÕûµÄ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ
ÔËÊ䣯32
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·µÄÌØµã£¯39
µÚÎå½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊ䷨ѧµÄÑо¿·½·¨£¯44
µÚÁù½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·Óë¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·µÄ¹ØÏµ£¯46
µÚÆß½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·¡¢¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·Óë¹úÄÚ·¨Ö®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¯49
µÚ¶þ²¿·Ö ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊ䣯53
µÚÈýÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä×ÛÊö 55
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä¼ò½é£¯55
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеÄÂÿͣ¯57
µÚÈý½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеijÐÔËÈË£¯6s
µÚËÄ½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеÄÐÐÀ70
µÚËÄÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯72
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎÎÊÌ⣯72
µÚ¶þ½Ú 1929Äê¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·ÏµijÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯74
µÚÈý½Ú 1966Äê¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶ûÐÒéÊé¡·(Montreal Agreement)¹ØÓÚ³ÐÔËÈË
ÔðÈεĹ涨 77
µÚËÄ½Ú 1971Ä꡶ΣµØÂíÀ³ÇÒ鶨Êé¡·µÄÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯8l
µÚÎå½Ú 1975Äê¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶ûµÚ1¡¢2¡¢3¡¢4ºÅÒ鶨Êé¡·µÄÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯8s
µÚÁù½Ú Ë«¹ìÖÆ£¯Ë«ÌݶÈ(7woÁËiers System)ÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯86
µÚÆß½Ú 1999Äê¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎ
ÖÆ¶È£¯92
µÚ°Ë½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·Óë¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·²¢´æÆÚ¼ä¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔË
Êä³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯04
µÚ¾Å½Ú Á½¸ö¹«Ô¼ÖйØÓÚ³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈεÄÌØ±ð¹æ¶¨£¯95
µÚÎåÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеÄÊÂ¹Ê 97
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ØÓÚʹʵÄÒ»°ã¶¨Ò壯98
µÚ¶þ½Ú ÒÔÍù·¨Ôº¶ÔʹʵÄÈ϶¨£¯101
µÚÈý½Ú Èû¿Ë˹Ëß·¨¹úº½¿Õ¹«Ë¾°¸Óë¡°Èý¶Îʽ¡±±ê×¼£¯103
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡°Èý¶Îʽ¡±±ê×¼¶ÔÌØÊâµÄ¡°Ê¹ʡ±ËùÔì³ÉËðʧµÄÅжÏ
·ÖÎö£¯107
µÚÎå½Ú ¡°Èý¶Îʽ¡±±ê×¼µÄ¾ÖÏÞÐÔ£¯100
µÚÁùÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎÆÚ¼ä 115
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹«Ô¼µÄÀúÊ·»Ø¹Ë£¯116
µÚ¶þ½Ú µÇ»ú¡¢Àë»ú²Ù×÷¹ý³ÌµÄ·¢Õ¹£¯117
µÚÈý½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·ÖС°ÉÏ¡¢Ïº½¿ÕÆ÷µÄ²Ù×÷¹ý³Ì¡±µÄ½ç¶¨£¯118
µÚËÄ½Ú »ú³¡·½ÃæµÄ·¨ÂɵØÎ»Óë¡°ÈýÒª¼þ¡±±ê×¼£¯l24
µÚÎå½Ú »ú³¡·¨ÂɵØÎ»±ä»¯Óë³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÆÚ¼äµÄ¼Ù¶¨£¯126
µÚÁù½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ØÓÚ³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÆÚ¼äµÄ±äͨÐԹ涨£¯l29
µÚÆß½Ú еÄÉ˺¦ÓëÔðÈÎÆÚ¼äÖ®¼äµÄ³åÍ»£¯l30
µÚÆßÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеÄËðʧ£¯132
µÚÒ»½Ú 1929Äê¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·ÖеÄËðʧ 133
µÚ¶þ½Ú 1971Ä꡶ΣµØÂíÀ³ÇÒ鶨Êé¡·¶ÔËðʧµÄÐÞ¶©£¯135 £®
µÚÈý½Ú ¸¥ÂåÒÀµÂËß¶«·½º½¿Õ¹«Ë¾°¸ËùÈ·Á¢µÄÔÔò 136
µÚËÄ½Ú 1999Äê¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·Ëù¹æ¶¨µÄËðʧ£¯l39
µÚÎå½Ú ¾«ÉñËðº¦ÓëËðʧ£¯140
µÚÁù½Ú ÑÓÎóËðʧ£¯143
µÚ°ËÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈËÅâ³¥ÏÞ¶î¼°ÆäËûÎÊÌ⣯144
µÚÒ»½Ú ¡°»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼Ìåϵ¡±ÏµÄÔðÈÎÏ޶l44
µÚ¶þ½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˲»ÊÜÔðÈÎÏÞ¶î±£»¤µÄÇé¿ö 150
µÚÈý½Ú Ë«¹ìÖÆÔðÈÎÖÆ¶ÈϳÐÔËÈËÅâ³¥Êý¶î£¯153
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·Ï³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÅâ³¥Êý¶î£¯155
µÚÎå½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·ÎÞÏÞ¶îÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È¶Ô¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍ
ÔËÊäÒµµÄÓ°Ï죯156
µÚÁù½Ú ³ÐÔËÈËÅâ³¥ÔðÈεÄÐÔÖÊÎÊÌâ¼°Åâ³¥¶îµÄÈ·¶¨±ê×¼£¯157
µÚÆß½Ú ÂÿÍÉ˺¦µÄÏÈÐÐÅ⸶ÎÊÌ⣯159
µÚ¾ÅÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖÐµÄ¿ÍÆ±¼°ÐÐÀî¡¢ÐÐÀîÆ±£¯160
µÚÒ»½Ú ¿ÍƱµÄÐÔÖÊ 160
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¿ÍƱ¼ÇÔØÊÂÏî 163
µÚÈý½Ú ¿ÍƱÓë³ÐÔËÈË¿¹±ç¼°ÔðÈÎÏÞ¶îÎÊÌ⣯166
µÚËÄ½Ú ¿ÍƱǩ·¢Ïà¹ØÎÊÌ⣬l68
µÚÎå½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊäÖеÄÐÐÀî 171
µÚÁù½Ú ËæÉíЯ´øÐÐÀ172
µÚÆß½Ú ÍÐÔËÐÐÀî 174
µÚ°Ë½Ú ³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÏÞ¶îµÄÍ»ÆÆ¼°ÐÐÀîÆ±£¯176
µÚʮՠ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÂÿÍÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵Ŀ¹±çÎÊÌâ l78
µÚÒ»½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˶ÔÂÿÍÈËÉíÉ˺¦Ëðʧ¶ø²úÉúµÄ¿¹±çȨ 179
µÚ¶þ½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˶ÔÂÿÍËæÉíЯ´øÐÐÀîËðʧµÄ¿¹±ç£¯183 £®
µÚÈý½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˶ÔÍÐÔËÐÐÀîµÄ¿¹±ç£¯185
µÚËÄ½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˶ÔÂÿÍÑÓÎóµÄ¿¹±çȨ 186
µÚÈý²¿·Ö ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊ䣯187
µÚʮһÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊä¼ò½é¼°³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÖÆ¶È£¯189
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊä¼ò½é£¯189
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊäÖеijÐÔËÈË¡¢»õÎï 191
µÚÈý½Ú ¡°»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼Ìåϵ¡±Ï¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎ 193
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ØÓÚ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÔ˳ÐÔËÈËÔðÈεÄ
¹æ¶¨£¯ 196
µÚÎå½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎÆÚ¼ä£¯108
µÚÊ®¶þÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊäµÄµ¥¾Ý£¯200
µÚÒ»½Ú ¿ÕÔ˵¥µÄÐÔÖÊ£¯200
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¿ÕÔ˵¥Ö®¿ÉתÈÃÐÔÎÊÌâ 207
µÚÈý½Ú ¿ÕÔ˵¥µÄÇ©·¢£¯208
µÚËÄ½Ú ÍÐÔËÈ˺ÍÊÕ»õÈ˵ÄȨÀûÒåÎñ£¯209
µÚÎå½Ú ¿ÕÔ˵¥¹ØÓÚÖ¤¾ÝЧÁ¦µÄÌØ±ð¹æ¶¨£¯213
µÚÊ®ÈýÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊäÖеÄËðʧ¼°³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÏÞ¶îÖÆ¶È£¯214
µÚÒ»½Ú »õÎïËðʧ 215
µÚ¶þ½Ú ËðʧµÄ·¶Î§£¯217
µÚÈý½Ú ¡°»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼Ìåϵ¡±Ï³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÏÞ¶î 219
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ØÓÚ³ÐÔËÈËÔðÈÎÏÞ¶îµÄ¹æ¶¨ 220
µÚÎå½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˲»ÊÜÔðÈÎÏÞ¶î±£»¤µÄÇéÐÎ 221
µÚÊ®ËÄÕ ¿ÕÔ˵¥¼ÇÔØÊÂÏîÓë¼ÇÔØ´íÎó¡¢Ç·È±£¯224
µÚÒ»½Ú ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·µÚ8Ìõ¹æ¶¨µÄ¼ÇÔØÊÂÏ224
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¿ÕÔ˵¥¼ÇÔØ´íÎó»òǷȱ 226
µÚÈý½Ú ·ÖÎö 238
µÚËÄ½Ú ¡¶º£ÑÀÒ鶨Êé¡·¹ØÓÚ¿ÕÔ˵¥¼ÇÔØÊÂÏîµÄ¹æ¶¨£¯242
µÚÎå½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ØÓÚ¿ÕÔ˵¥¼ÇÔØÊÂÏîµÄ¹æ¶¨£¯243
µÚÊ®ÎåÕ ¹ú¼Êº½¿Õ»õÎïÔËÊä³ÐÔËÈ˵Ŀ¹±ç 244
µÚÒ»½Ú »ùÓÚ¼õÃâÔðÈζøÐÐʹµÄ¿¹±çȨ£¯244
µÚ¶þ½Ú ³ÐÔËÈËÏíÓеĶԿÕÔ˵¥ÉÏËù¼ÇÔØÊÂÏîÍÆ¶¨ÕýÈ·µÄ
¿¹±çȨ£¯246
µÚÈý½Ú ³ÐÔËÈ˶ÔÍÐÔËÈËÐÐʹºÏͬ±ä¸üȨËùÖÂËðʧËùÏíÓеÄ
¿¹±çȨ£¯247
µÚËÄ½Ú ³ÐÔËÈËÏíÊÜÔðÈÎÏÞ¶î±£»¤µÄ¿¹±çȨ£¯247
µÚÎå½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨Óë¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·¹æ¶¨¼äµÄ²îÒì 248
µÚËIJ¿·Ö ÆäËûÒŽ¶¨£¯251
µÚÊ®ÁùÕ ¡¶»ªÉ³¹«Ô¼¡·¼°¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·¹ØÓÚ¹ÜϽȨµÄ¹æ¶¨¼°ÆäËû
ÎÊÌ⣬253
µÚÒ»½Ú ¹ØÓÚ¹ÜϽµÄÒ»°ãÐԹ涨£¯254
µÚ¶þ½Ú ¹ØÓÚ¡°µÚÎå¹ÜϽȨ¡±µÄÕùÒ飬256
µÚÈý½Ú ¡¶ÃÉÌØÀû¶û¹«Ô¼¡·Ëù¹æ¶¨µÄ¹ÜϽȨ£¬257
µÚËÄ½Ú Ê±Ð§ÎÊÌ⣯260
µÚÎå½Ú ¹ú¼Êº½¿ÕÔËÊä¾À·×µÄÖٲýâ¾ö£¬261
µÚÁù½Ú ¹ØÓÚÏòº½¿ÕÆ÷ÖÆÔìÈëÖ÷ÕÅȨÀûÎÊÌ⣯262
²Î¿¼ÊéÄ¿£¯264