ͼÊéÄÚÈݼò½é

ûÓÐͼÊé¼ò½é

ͼÊéĿ¼

¼ò Ä¿
Ç°ÑÔ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­1
±¨¸æÈË×ÔÐò¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­1
ÒýÑÔ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­1
Õ´Î
Ò»¡¢ÉÌÒµ²úÆ·ÏúÊÛÕß»ùÓÚ²úÆ·ÏúÊÛʱµÄȱÏÝÖ®ÔðÈΡ­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­1
Ö÷Ìâ1²úÆ·ÔðÈÎ×ÛÊö¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­2
Ö÷Ìâ2ÊÊÓÃÓÚÌØÊâ²úÆ·»ò²úÆ·Êг¡µÄÔðÈιæÔò¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­186
¶þ¡¢ÉÌÒµ²úÆ·ÏúÊÛÕß·Ç»ùÓÚ²úÆ·ÏúÊÛʱµÄȱÏÝÖ®ÔðÈΡ­¡­¡­¡­¡­264
Èý¡¢ºóÊÖ¼°Ã÷ÏÔµÄÖÆÔìÉ̵ÄÔðÈΡ­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­293
ËÄ¡¢Ò»°ãÊÊÓÃÌõ¿î¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­326
Ö÷ÌâlÒò¹û¹Øϵ¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­327
Ö÷Ìâ2»ý¼«¿¹±ç¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­363
Ö÷Ìâ3¶¨Òå¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­380
·¨ÂÉ·¨¹æË÷Òý¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­440
ÊõÓïË÷Òý¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­¡­446
Ç° ÑÔ
¡¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØÊöµÚÈý°æ£º²úÆ·ÔðÈΡ·ÄËÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºÔÚÐÞ¶©¡¢¸üÐÂ
¡¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØÊöµÚ¶þ°æ¡··½ÃæËù×öµÄ³¤ÆÚŬÁ¦µÄÊײ¿×÷Æ·¡£¡¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØ
ÊöµÚ¶þ°æ¡·×÷Ϊһ¸öµ¥Ò»µÄÏîÄ¿£¬×î³õÓɽܳö¡¢ÇڷܵÄÍþÁ®¡¤ÆÕÈôɪ
(William L£®Prosser)×÷ΪΩһµÄ±¨¸æÈË¡£ÔÚÆÕÈôɪԺ³¤´ÇÈ´¸Ã¹¤×÷Ö®
ºó£¬ÓÉÁíһλ׿ԽµÄÇÖȨ·¨Ñ§ÕßÔ¼º²¡¤ÍþµÂ(John w£®Wade)×îÖÕÍê
³É¡£ÏÖÔÚ£¬¶ÔÓÚÇÖȨ·¨Èç´ËÈ«ÃæµØͶÈëÒѾ­²»ÏÖʵÁË¡£ÕâÒ»Ö÷ÌâÈç½ñ
°üÂÞÍòÏó¡¢´í×Û¸´ÔÓ£¬ÎÞ·¨ÔÚÒ»¸öµ¥Ò»ÏîÄ¿ÖмÓÒÔÄÒÀ¨£¬¼´±ãÊÇÏñ¡¶ÇÖ
Ȩ·¨ÖØÊöµÚ¶þ°æ¡·ÄÇô´óµÄÏîÄ¿£¬Ò²²»¿ÉÄÜ¿¿Ä³Ò»¸öÈ˵ÄÖÇ»ÛÍê³É£¬
¼´±ãÊÇÑöÀµÏñ±È¶û¡¤ÆÕÈôɪºÍÔ¼º²¡¤ÍþµÂÕâÑùµÄȨÍþ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕýÈçÊì
Ϥ²úÆ·ÔðÈ稵ÄÈËËùÖª£¬Ðí¶àÇÖȨ·¨ÖеĿÎÌâ±äµÃÔ½À´Ô½¾ßÓÐÕùÒé
ÐÔ¡£Í×ÉÆ´¦Àí´æÔÚÑÏÖØ·ÖÆçµÄ¹Ûµã²¢ÊÔͼÔÚÕâЩ¹ÛµãÖÐÑ°ÕÒºÏÀíºÍ
¸ºÔðµÄ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬¶Ô¹¤×÷ƽÌíÁËÄѶÈ£¬´Ó¶øÐèÒª¸ü¶àʱ¼äºÍ¾«Á¦µÄͶ
Èë¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒÃDz»µÃ²»½«¡¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØÊöµÚÈý°æ¡·µÄ±à׫¹¤×÷·Ö¿é½øÐС£
ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÓйء¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØÊöµÚÈý°æ¡·¸ü¶àµÄÏîÄ¿¡£
¡¶ÔðÈεķֵ£¡·(¹ØÓÚÁ¬´øÔðÈÎÓëµ¥¶ÀÔðÈεÈ)ÕâÒ»ÏîÄ¿¼´½«Íê³É¡£ÌÖ
ÂÛÇÖȨ·¨×ÜÔò²¿·ÖµÄÏîÄ¿ÒµÒÑ¿ªÊ¼¡£ÎÒÃÇÔ¤ÆÚÔÚ½«À´¿ªÍظü¶àµÄÇÖ
Ȩ·¨¿ÎÌâÏîÄ¿¡£ÎÒ²»»³ÒÉÕâЩ¿ÎÌâ¾ø´ó¶àÊý»áÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ´æÔÚ¼¤
ÁÒµÄÂÛÕù£¬ËäÈ»ÔÚ¡¶ÔðÈεķֵ£¡·ÏîÄ¿ÉÏÏà¶ÔƽºÍ£¬ÈÃÈËÇìÐÒ¡£ÕâÖÖƽ
ºÍ¿ÉÄܹ鹦ÓÚÔðÈηֵ£µÄ¿ÎÌâÄÚÈÝÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÊܵ½³ÉÎÄ·¨µÄ¿ò¼Ü
ÏÞ¶¨(Ö÷ÒªµÄÂÛÕùתÒƵ½Á¢·¨»ú¹¹ÉíÉÏ)£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÒòΪ¿ÎÌâÄÚÈÝʵÔÚ
¹ýÓÚ¸´ÔÓ£¬¼´±ã³öÏÖÂÛÕùÒ²ÎÞ·¨Óüòµ¥µÄѧÅɼÓÒÔ»®·Ö¡£¡¶²úÆ·Ôð
ÈΡ·ÕâÒ»¿ÎÌâ´øÓС°ÕþÖÎÐÔ¡±£¬ÒòΪÆäÉæ¼°¡°¹«Æ½·ÖÅ䡱ÎÊÌ⣬ËùÒÔÔÚÁ¢
·¨ÌÖÂۺʹóѡʱ³£ÕÐÖ¹㷺ºÍÇ¿ÁҵİïÅÉÂÛÕù¡£¼´±ãÈç´Ë£¬ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉ
Ñо¿Ôº²»Äܽö½öÒòΪ¿ÎÌâÉæ¼°ÕùÒéÐÔÎÊÌâ¶øÈ¡Ïû¶ÔÕâÒ»ÖØÒªÀíÂÛÁì
ÓòµÄÑо¿¡£
¸üΪÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬ÒÀÎÒ±¾ÈËÅжÏ£¬Æð²Ý¡¶²úÆ·ÔðÈÎÖØÊö¡·Éæ¼°µÄÂÛÕù
×ܵÄÀ´ËµÊÇ°´ÕÕÖ°ÒµºÍѧÊõ´«Í³µÄ×î¸ß±ê×¼½øÐеÄ¡£±¨¸æÈË¡ª¡ªÕ²
ķ˹¡¤ººµÂÉ­(JalileS A£®Henderson£¬Jr£®)ºÍ°¬Âס¤Í¼¶û˹»ù(Aaron D£®
Twerski)½ÌÊÚÔÚÒ»¿ªÊ¼Ê±¾ÍÓÐЩÒâ¼û´æÔÚ·ÖÆç¡£ÔÚÒ»ÁìÓòÓжàÄêÑÐ
¾¿µÄѧÕßÃÇÔõô¿ÉÄܶÔͬһ¸öÎÊÌâ²»´æÔÚÏà×óµÄÒâ¼ûÄØ?×ÝÈ»Èç´Ë£¬
ÎÒ¾õµÃ±¨¸æÈËÄÍÐÄÌýÈ¡ÅúÆÀÒâ¼û£¬²¢¸øÓèÁË×¢Òâ¡£ÕâЩÅúÆÀÕùÒ飬´Ó
²»Í¬½Ç¶ÈÉÏ¿´£¬·´Ó³ÁËËûÃǶԾßÌå·¨ÂÉÊõÓïʹÓõIJ»Í¬¹Ûµã£¬¶øÕâЩ
ÊõÓïµÄÓ÷¨¶¼½¨Á¢ÔÚ×îÓÐÁ¦µÄ·¨ÂÉ·ÖÎöµÄ»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ¡£×Éѯ×é³ÉÔ±Ìá
¹©ÁËÒ»¸öÓмÛÖµµÄÂÛ̳ÒÔ¼¯ÖÐÌÖÂÛ¸÷Öֹ۵㡪¡ª³ýÁËÄÇЩ¹ËÎʺÍÀí
Ê»áÒÔ¼°ÎÒÃÇÄê»áÉϵĹ۵ãÒÔÍâ¡£Ò»¶¨ÊýÁ¿µÄ·¨ÂÉ¡°ÀûÒæÍÅÌ塱²ÎÓë
ÁËÅÔÌý£¬Ò²Ìá³öÁ˷dz£ºÃµÄ½¨Òé¡£
×÷Ϊ³É¹ûµÄ¡¶²úÆ·ÔðÈÎÖØÊö¡·µ±È»¡°³¬Ô½ÁË·¨ÂÉ¡±£¬¶ø·¨Âɱ¾Éí¿É
Äܲ¢²»ÓëÖ®Ò»Ö¡£±¾¡¶ÖØÊö¡·Èç¹û½ö½öÊǶԷ¨ÂÉËùÉãµÄÒ»ÕÅÕÕƬ£¬ÄÇ
ôËü¸ù±¾²»ÖµµÃÈÃÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºÀ´Íê³ÉÕâ·Ý¹¤×÷¡£¶øÇÒ£¬¼´±ãÊǶÔ
Õâ¸öÁìÓòµÄ·¨ÂÉËùÉãµÄÕÕƬҲֻ»á³ÊÏÖÈÃÈË»ìÏýµÄһƬģºýµÄ¾°Ïó¡£
ûÓÐÈËÄܹ»ÑÏËàµØÈ϶¨ÄÄÒ»¸öÖݵIJúÆ·ÔðÈη¨ÂÉÒѾ­ÑÝ»¯·¢Õ¹µ½ÁË
ºÍ¡¶ÇÖȨ·¨ÖØÊöµÚ¶þ°æ¡·ÖеÚ402A½ÚÍêÈ«Ò»Öµĵز½¡£Âí¿Ë˹¡£À×
¶¡½ÌÊÚ(Max Radin)Ôø¾­´ò¹ýÒ»¸öÖøÃûµÄ±È·½£¬Ëû½«ÆÕͨ·¨¹æÔòµÄ·¢
Õ¹±È×÷һͷÍÑçÖСţµÄÓØ»ØÇúÕÛ¡¢ÓÐʱ´íʧ·½ÏòµÄ±¼ÅÜ·Ïß¡£¢Ù²úÆ·
ÔðÈη¨Ò²ÊÇÈç´Ë¡£±¾¡¶ÖØÊö¡·½«ÕâÒ»·¨ÂÉÁìÓòÕûºÏµÃ¸ü¼Ó¾®¾®ÓÐÌõ¡£
ÎÒÃǶÔÄÇЩÈÏΪ±¾ÊéÏÖÔڵıíÊö·½Ê½¼¸½üÕýÈ·µÄÈËÃDZíʾ¸Ðл¡£
ÎÒÃÇÒ²¶ÔÄÇЩÈÏΪ±¾ÊéµÄ±íÊö²¢²»ÄÇôÕýÈ·µÄÈËÃDZíʾ×ðÖØ¡£ÕýÈç
´ó·¨¹Ù»ô¶ûķ˹(Holmes)ËùÑÔ£¬·¨ÂɵÄÉúÃüÓɾ­Ñé(Ò²ÓÉÂß¼­)¹¹³É¡£
ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºµÄÉúÃü·´Ó³µÄÊǶàÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ¾­Ñé¡£·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºµÄ¹¤
×÷ÊÇ°´ÕÕÌÖÂÛ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÃüÁî½øÐеÄ¡£Í¬ÎÒÃǵÄÆäËûÏîÄ¿Ò»Ñù£¬²ÎÓë±¾
ÏîÄ¿ÌÖÂÛµÄÈË°üÀ¨³Ö¸÷ÖÖ²»Í¬¹ÛµãµÄÂÉʦ£¬³ÖÓиü¶à²»Í¬Òâ¼ûµÄѧÕß
ºÍ·¨¹Ù¡£ÌرðÊÇ·¨¹ÙÃǶԷ¨ÂɵÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔ¡¢Á¬¹áÐԺͳäʵºÏÀíµÄÄÚÈݳÐ
µ£×Å×î¸ßµÄÔðÈΣ¬ÎÒÃÇÒò´ËÒ²ÓÈΪ¸Ð¼¤¡£
ÎÒÃǶԱ¨¸æÈ˵ÄÉîåä˼±æºÍ¾´ÒµÇÚÃã±íʾÉîÉî¸Ðл¡£ÎÒÃÇÒ²¶Ô
¹ËÎÊÃÇÌṩµÄ×Éѯ°ïÖúÒÔ¼°¶Ô·¨ÂÉÑо¿Ôº³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´µÄÖ§³ÖºÍ¹ØÐÄÉî
±íлÒâ¡£ÎÒÒ²ÔÚ´ËÈÙÐҵظæÖª£¬·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºÖ´ÐÐίԱ»áÒѾ­ÊÚÓ躺µÂ
É­ºÍͼ¶û˹»ùÁ½Î»½ÌÊÚÒ»ÏîרÃÅÊÚÓèÓÐ׿Öø¹±Ï׵ı¨¸æÈËÊâÈÙ¡ª¡ª
¡°R¡¤°£Ãס¤¿¨Ìر¨¸æÈ˽±¡±¡£
GEOFFREY C£®HAZARD£®JR£®
ÃÀ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿ÔºÔº³¤
1998Äê1ÔÂ12ÈÕ
¹²563Ò³