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58. See http://www.aids.gov.br/assistencia/aids_drugs_policy.htm.(last visited Dec 10, 2005 )
59. NSAP¼Æ»®Öжà°ë×ʽð£¨Ã¿Äê5ÒÚÃÀÔªÖеÄ3ÒÚ£©ÓÃÓÚ¹ºÂò¿¹°¬×̲¡µÄÒ©Æ·£¬°ÍÎ÷Õþ¸®Òò´ËÏ뾡¸÷ÖÖ°ì·¨½µµÍÒ©Æ·²É¹º·ÑÓá£Õþ¸®½¨Á¢Á˹ú¼ÒʵÑéÊҺ͹úÓÐÒ©Æ·ÖÆÔì³§ÒÔ´ÙʹҽҩÉú²ú±¾µØ»¯£¬ÏÖÔÚ°ÍÎ÷×Ô¼ºÒѾÄܹ»Éú²ú¡°¼¦Î²¾Æ¡±ÁÆ·¨ËùÓõÄ15ÖÖÒ©Æ·ÖÐµÄ 7 ÖÖ£¬Õâ7ÖÖÒ©Æ·ÔÚ°ÍÎ÷¶¼Ã»ÓÐÉêÇëרÀû£¬Òò´ËÔÚÒ©Æ·²É¹º·ÑÖб¾µØÉú²úµÄÒ©Æ·ËùÕ¼·Ý¶î²»´ó£¬1999 ÄêÖ»Õ¼ 19%¶øÆäËû 81%µÄÒ©Æ·²É¹º·Ñ¶¼ÓÃÔÚÁ˹ºÂò¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾Éú²úµÄרÀûÒ©Æ·ÉÏ¡£ÎªÁ˽øÒ»²½½µµÍÒ©Æ·²É¹º·ÑÓ㬰ÍÎ÷Õþ¸®Íþв¶ÔÒ»¼ÒÃÀ¹úÖÆÒ©¹«Ë¾ Merck ºÍÒ»¼ÒÈðÊ¿ÖÆÒ©¹«Ë¾ Roche Éú²úµÄרÀûÒ©Æ·£¨·Ö±ðÊÇ Stocrin ºÍ Viracept£©°ä·¢Ç¿ÖÆÐí¿É£¬ÕâÁ½¼Ò¹«Ë¾±»ÆÈ´ó·ù½µµÍÁËÊÛ¼Û¡£
60. 301Ìõ¿îµÄºËÐÄÄÚÈÝÊÇ£ºÈç¹ûÃÀ¹úóÒ×´ú±íÈ·ÐÅ£¬ÃÀ¹úÒÀ¾ÝÈκÎóÒ×ж¨ËùÓ¦ÏíÓеÄȨÀûÔâµ½·ñ¶¨;»òÕßÍâ¹úµÄijÏîÁ¢·¨¡¢Õþ²ß»ò×ö·¨Î¥·´Ã³Ò×ж¨¡¢Óëж¨²»ÏàÒ»Ö£¬»òÆäÊDz»¹«ÕýµÄ²¢¸øÃÀ¹úÉÌÒµÔì³ÉÁ˸ºµ£»òÏÞÖÆ£¬ÔòÃÀ¹úóÒ×´ú±í±ØÐë²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯(Mandatory action)£¬ÒÔʵÏÖÃÀ¹úÒÀóÒ×ж¨Ó¦ÏíÓеÄȨÀû£¬»òÏû³ýÉÏÊöµÄÁ¢·¨¡¢Õþ²ßºÍ×ö·¨µÄÓ°Ïì¡£¹ùö¨£¬¡¶ÃÀ¹ú¡°301Ìõ¿î¡±ÓëWTOÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆµÄ»¥¶¯¼°Æäǰ¾°Ô¤²â¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Öйú·¨Ñ§¡·2001ÄêµÚ5ÆÚ£¬µÚ145Ò³¡£
61. ²Î¼ûҦг¬£º¡¶ÊÀó×éÖ¯ÓëóÒ×ÓйصÄ֪ʶ²úȨÐÒéÔÚҽҩרÀû±£»¤·½ÃæÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌâ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¹ú¼ÊóÒ×ÎÊÌâ¡·2005ÄêµÚ7ÆÚ£¬µÚ114Ò³¡£
62. Paul Champ, Amir Attaran, Patent Rights and Local Working under the WTO TRIPS Agreement: an Analysis of the U.S.-Brazil Patent Dispute, 27 Yale J. Int¡¯l L. 365,380 (2002).
63. ²Î¼ûÀîÓñÏ㣺¡¶ÂÛ֪ʶ²úȨµÄ˽ȨÐÔºÍȨÀûÈöɡ·ÔØ¡¶ÈËÃñ˾·¨¡·2003ÄêµÚ5ÆÚ£¬µÚ51Ò³¡£
64. Amy Harmon, In the Idea Wars,.a Fight to Control a New Currency, N.Y. Times, November 11, 2001; Robert Weissiman, Problems with Current U.S. Policy, Foreign Policy in Focus, June 3, 2002.
65. ǰÒý10£¬·ë½àÝÕÊ飬µÚ75Ò³¡£
66. See Ellen 't Hoen, Public Health and International Law: TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and Access to Essential Medicines: a Long Way From Seattle to Doha, 3 Chi. J. Int'l L. 27, 34-38 (2002).
67. United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1999, 2.
68. ǰÒý10£¬·ë½àÝÕÊ飬µÚ75Ò³¡£
69. ǰÒý Ellen¡¯t HoenÎÄ, µÚ34Ò³¡£
70. UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, E/C.12/2000/4: CESCR General Comment 14, The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Aug 11, 2000).
71. UN Doc No E/CN.4/SUB2/RES/2001/21: Untied Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights Sub-commision on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights Resolution 2001/21, para. 3.
72. Amy Harmon, In the "IdeaWars," a Fight to Control a New Currency, N.Y. TIMES, November 11, 2001; Clark A.D. Wilson, The TRIPS Agreement: Is it Benificial to the Developing World, or Simply a tool used to Protect Pharmaceutical Profits for Developed World Manufactures? 10 J. Tech. L. & Pol'y 243, 259 (2005).
73. ³ÂµÂÕÕ£º¡¶¡°¶à¹þ»ØºÏ¡±À§ÄÑÖØÖØ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ê±Ê±¨¸æ¡·2003ÄêµÚ9ÆÚ£¬µÚ48Ò³¡£
74. µÚËĶι涨£º¡°ÎÒÃÇͬÒâ TRIPS ж¨²»»áÒ²²»¸Ã×è°³ÉÔ±¹ú²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯±£»¤¹«¹²½¡¿µ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ËäÈ»ÎÒÃÇÖØÉê¶Ô TRIPS ж¨µÄ³Ðŵ£¬µ«ÎÒÃÇÒ²³ÐÈϸÃж¨¿ÉÒÔÒ²Ó¦¸Ã±»½âÊͺÍʵʩÀ´Ö§³Ö WTO ³ÉÔ±¹ú±£»¤¹«¹²½¡¿µµÄȨÀû£¬ÌرðÊÇÔö½øËùÓÐÈË»ñµÃÒ©Æ·µÄ»ú»á¡£¾Í´Ë¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÒÃÇÖØÉê WTO ³ÉÔ±ÍêÈ«ÓÐȨʹÓÃΪ´ËÄ¿µÄÌṩÁé»îÐÔµÄTRIPS ж¨Ìõ¿î¡£¡±
75. ÕâЩÀíÓɰüÀ¨ÒýÆð¹«¹²½¡¿µÎ£»úµÄ¹ú¼Ò½ô¼±Çé¿öºÍÆäËû¼«¶Ë½ô¼±ÇéÊÆ£¬°üÀ¨°¬×̲¡£¬½áºË²¡£¬Å±¼²ºÍÆäËû´«È¾²¡¡£
76. ǰÒý3£¬¡¶¶à¹þÐûÑÔ¡·µÚÁù¶Î¡£
77. ²Î¼û½ªÊ¥¸´£º¡¶WTO·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶È¡·£¬Öлª¹¤ÉÌÁªºÏ³ö°æÉç2002Äê°æ£¬µÚ48Ò³£»Íõ¹ó¹ú£º¡¶ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯·¨¡·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉç2003Äê°æ£¬µÚ28Ò³¡£
78. ²Î¼ûÍõÀö»ª£º¡¶¹«¹²½¡¿µÎ£»úÓë·¢Õ¹Öйú¼ÒµÄ֪ʶ²úȨսÂÔ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶·¨Ñ§¡·2004ÄêµÚ6ÆÚ£¬µÚ110Ò³¡£
79. »ÆÑþ£¬ÐìÀïɯ£º¡¶´«È¾²¡Ò©Æ·ÖªÊ¶²úȨ¹ú¼Ê±£»¤·¨ÖƵÄÕýµ±ÐÔ¡ªÒÔTRIPSж¨µÄ·¢Õ¹ÎªÊӽǡ·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÊÀ½ç֪ʶ²úȨ¡·2004ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ£¬µÚ58Ò³¡£
80. ͬÉÏÎÄ£¬µÚ58Ò³¡£
81. ÕâÖÖȨÀûÒ²ÊǷdz£¶àµÄ,Èç˽ÈË·ÇÉÌҵĿµÄʹÓã¬É漰רÀû·¢Ã÷µÄ¿ÆÑ§Ì½Ë÷ºÍʵÑ飬ÔÚרÀûÉêÇëÈÕǰÒÑ¾ÉÆÒâʹÓ÷¢Ã÷µÄµÚÈý·½µÄʹÓÃ,½ÌѧĿµÄʹÓúÍʵÑéµÈ¡£
82. ½ØÖÁ2005Äê12ÔÂ11ÈÕ£¬ÔÚWTO149¸ö³ÉÔ±ÖУ¬Ö»ÓÐ32¸ö×î²»·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò£¬½ö´ú±íÁËÊÀ½çÈË¿Ú10%£¬¶øÃæÁÙ¹«¹²½¡¿µÎ£»úµÄ²»½ö½öÊÇ×î²»·¢´ï¹ú¼Ò¡£²Î¼ûWTOÍøÕ¾Êý¾Ý£¬http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/org6_e.htm£¬×îºó·ÃÎÊÈÕÆÚ2006Äê5ÔÂ1ÈÕ¡£
83. ¹ý¶ÉÆÚ²¢²»ÊÊÓÃÓÚÓëҽҩרÀûÏà¹ØµÄÆäËûÌõ¿î£¬ÀýÈçµÚ70ÌõËù¹æ¶¨µÄ¡°¶ÀÕ¼Êг¡È¨¡±¡£
84. ÀýÈ磬ÎÒ¹úרÀû·¨µÚ63Ìõ¹æ¶¨£º¡°ÏÂÁÐÇéÐÎÖ®Ò»µÄ£¬²»ÊÓΪÇÖ·¸×¨ÀûȨ£º£¨Ò»£©×¨ÀûȨÈËÖÆÔì¡¢½ø¿Ú»òÕ߾רÀûȨÈËÐí¿É¶øÖÆÔì¡¢½ø¿ÚµÄרÀû²úÆ·»òÕßÒÀÕÕרÀû·½·¨Ö±½Ó»ñµÃµÄ²úÆ·ÊÛ³öºó£¬Ê¹Óá¢ÐíŵÏúÊÛ»òÕßÏúÊ۸òúÆ·µÄ£»£¨¶þ£©ÔÚרÀûÉêÇëÈÕǰÒÑ¾ÖÆÔìÏàͬ²úÆ·¡¢Ê¹ÓÃÏàͬ·½·¨»òÕßÒѾ×÷ºÃÖÆÔ졢ʹÓõıØÒª×¼±¸£¬²¢ÇÒ½öÔÚÔÓз¶Î§ÄÚ¼ÌÐøÖÆÔ졢ʹÓõ컣¨Èý£©ÁÙʱͨ¹ýÖйúÁ콡¢ÁìË®¡¢Áì¿ÕµÄÍâ¹úÔËÊ乤¾ß£¬ÒÀÕÕÆäËùÊô¹úͬÖйúÇ©¶©µÄÐÒé»òÕß¹²Í¬²Î¼ÓµÄ¹ú¼ÊÌõÔ¼£¬»òÕßÒÀÕÕ»¥»ÝÔÔò£¬ÎªÔËÊ乤¾ß×ÔÉíÐèÒª¶øÔÚÆä×°ÖúÍÉ豸ÖÐʹÓÃÓйØ×¨ÀûµÄ£»£¨ËÄ£©×¨Îª¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿ºÍʵÑé¶øÊ¹ÓÃÓйØ×¨ÀûµÄ¡£¡¡¡±¡£
85. See WTO IP/C/W/356, Council for Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights - The Relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Protection of Traditional, at http://commerce.nic.in/wto_sub/TRIPS/sub_Trips-ipcw356 (last visited Dec 10, 2005).
86. See WTO IP/C/W/340, Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health ¨C United States (14 March 2002), at http://www.intracen.org/worldtradenet/docs/information/dohadevagenda/trips_study_2002.pdf, (last visited Dec 10, 2005).¡¡
87. ͬÉÏÎļþ¡£
88. ¡¶½¨Á¢ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯ÐÒé¡·µÚ9Ìõ¡£
89. Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, Office of the United States. Trade Representative, March 2002, http://www.ustr.gov/sectors/doha-trips-graph6.PDF(last visited Dec 10, 2005).
90. Communication from the European Communities and Their Member States to the TRIPS Council Relating to Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, June 18, 2002, http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/trade/miti/intell/inte13.htm. last visited Dec, 2005.
91. ²Î¼ûºØÐ¡Ó£º¡¶WTO¡´¶à¹þÐûÑÔ¡µµÚ6Ìõ¿îÎÊÌ⡱֮ÑÐÎö¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶·¨Ñ§ÆÀÂÛ¡·2004ÄêµÚ6ÆÚ£¬µÚ108Ò³¡£
92. ÌØ¶¨²úƷϵָÓÃÓÚÖÎÁÆÑÏÖØÁ÷ÐÐÐÔ¼²²¡µÄÒ©Æ·£¬Ìض¨Ìõ¼þϵָ¸ÃÒ©Æ·Êdzö¿Úµ½Ò©Æ·Éú²úÄÜÁ¦²»×ã»ò²»¾ß±¸Ò©Æ·Éú²úÄÜÁ¦µÄ¹ú¼Ò²¢ÓзÀֹóÒ××ªÒÆµÄ´ëÊ©µÈ¡£
93. WTO IP/C/W/352: Paragraph 6 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, Communication from the European Communities and their member States, Council for TRIPS, 20 July, 2002.
94. ͬÉÏÎļþ¡£
95. Ôö¼ÓÀýÍâÔÚTRIPS ÖÐÒÑÓÐÏÈÀý¡£ÀýÈçTRIPS µÚ31Ìõ£¨k£©¹æ¶¨£¬¡°Èç¹ûÔÊÐíÕâÖÖʹÓÃÊǶԾ¹ý˾·¨»òÐÐÕþ³ÌÐòÈ·¶¨Îª·´¾ºÕùÐÐΪ¸øÓèµÄ²¹¾È£¬¸÷³ÉԱûÓÐÒåÎñÊÊÓã¨b£©ÏîºÍ£¨f£©Ïî¹æ¶¨µÄÌõ¼þ¡±¡£
96. WTO, IP/C/W/339: Paragraph 6 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, Second Communication from the United States, Council for TRIPS, 4 March, 2002.
97. ½¨Á¢ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯ÐÒéµÚ10Ìõ¡£
98. ½¨Á¢ÊÀ½çóÒ××éÖ¯ÐÒéµÚ11Ìõ¡£
99. WTO, IP/C/W/358: Paragraph 6 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, Second Communication from the United States, Council for TRIPS, 9 July, 2002.
100. WTO, IP/C/W/36: The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, Minutes of Meeting, Council for TRIPS, 18 July 2002. WTO, IP/C/W/340: Paragraph 6 of Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, Communication from the United States, Council for TRIPS, 14 March, 2002.
101. ͬÉÏÎļþ¡£
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