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    [ ÑîÈÕÐñ ]¡ª¡ª(2001-8-16) / ÒÑÔÄ43777´Î

    ¢Ù ×ÜͳΪÈý¾üͳ˧£¬¾üʲ»ÊÜÕþÖθÉÉæ£¬Ò಻ӦÓëÕþÖξºÑ¡»î¶¯»òµ³ÅɻÏà¼Í²ø²»Ç壨¡°offical military activities free from entanglement with partisan political campaign of any kind.¡±£©

    ¢Ú ¾üÊ»ùµØÓëÒ»°ãƽÃñ»î¶¯³¡ËùÓб𡣡°¾üÊ»ùµØÖ¼ÔÚѵÁ·Ê¿±ø¶ø·ÇÌṩÕþÖÎÌÖÂÛ³¡Ëù¡±£¨¡°The business of military installation like Fort Dix is to train soldiers, not to provide a public forum for politics¡±£©£»

    ¢Û ¡°Ê©Ò½Éú¼°ÆäËüÈ˲¢ÎÞÒ»°ã»¯µÄÏÜ·¨È¨ÀûÔÚFort Dix»ùµØ·¢±íÕþÖÎÑÝ˵»òÉ¢·¢¾ºÑ¡Îļþ¡£¡±£¨Dr. Spock and others¡°had no generalized constitutional right to make political speeches or distribute leaflets at Fort Dix¡±£©

    ÓÖ¸ù¾ÝParker v. Levy, 1974Ò»°¸£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÌرðÇ¿µ÷£¬Àîά£¨Howard Levy£©ÉÏξ·´¶ÔÔ½Õ½£¬ìÔ¶¯ºÚÈ˾ܷþ±øÒ۲μÓ×÷Õ½£¬¾­¾üÊ·¨Í¥ÒÀ¾Ýͳһ¾ü·¨·¨µä£¨Uniform code of Military JusticeÅÐÐÌ£¬Ïµ»ùÓÚ¾üÈËÓëÆ½Ãñ²»Í¬£¬¹Êͳһ¾ü·¨·¨µäµÚÒ»ÈýÈý¼°Ò»ÈýËÄÁ½Ìõ²¢ÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÖ®´¦¡£¾üÈËËäÒàÏíÓÐÑÔÂÛ¡¢×ڽ̼°¼¯»á×ÔÓÉ£¬µ«ÔÚÐÐʹ֮³Ì¶ÈÉÏ×ÔÒ಻ͬ¡££©

    £¨6£©ÔÚ´ó½Ö½»Í¨ÒªµÀ֮ʾÍþCox v. Louisiana, No. 24, 1965£ºÒ»¾ÅÁùÒ»Ä꣬B. Elton Cox¹ÊʦÂÊÁìÁ½Ç§ÃûÄÏ·½´óѧSouthern UniversityѧÉúÔÚ·Ò×Î÷°²ÄÇÖÝÖ®Baton Rouge³ÇÊÐÖ®ÊÐÖÐÐÄÇøÓÎÐп¹ÒéÖÖ×åÆçÊÓ£¬Òõ°­½»Í¨£¬¾­¾¯·½´þ²¶ÒÆËÍ·¨Ôº£¬ÒÔÁ½Ïî×ïÃûÆðËߣº¢ÙÈÅÂÒÉç»á¹«¹²ÖÈÐò£¨disturbing the peace under Louisiana¡¯s breach of the peace statute£©¡£±»¸æCoxÄÁʦ²»·þ¿¹¸æ£¬ÔÙ¾­ÉÏËߣ¬ÖÕÓÉÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº²Ã¾öÈÏΪÁ½Ïî×ïÃû¾ù²»ÄܳÉÁ¢¡£ÒÔȫƱÅú²µµØ·½·¨Ôº¶ÔÈÅÂÒÉç»á°²Äþ·Áº¦¹«¹²ÖÈÐòËù¶¨Ö®×ïÐÌ£¬ÓÖÒÔÆß¶Ô¶þÆ±ÍÆ·­Òõ°­½»Í¨Ö®×ïÐÌÅоö¡£Ö÷ÒªÀíÓÉΪ¸ÃÖÝÓйعÜÖÆÊ¾ÍþÓÎÐÐÖ®·¨¹æ±ÏÓèÖ´·¨¹ÙÔ±ÒÔ¡°ÎÞÃÁ¿È¨¡±£¬¶øÇҹ涨֮ÌõÎÄÌ«¹ýº¬»ìÁýͳ£¬²»Ò×ÊÊ´Ó£¬Ê¹±»¸æÖ®ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓɼ°¼¯»á×ÔÓÉÔ⵽Σº¦¡£

    ¾¡¹ÜCox»ñµÃ˾·¨¾È¼Ã£¬ÎÞ×↑ÊÍ£¬µ«¸ºÔðÖ÷¸åÅоöÖ®ÊéÖ®×ÔÓÉÅɴ󷨹ٸ߰ظñ£¨Justice Goldberg£©ÔÚ±¾°¸ÖжÔÒÔʾÍþÓÎÐÐ×÷Ϊ½ÖÍ·¶Ô¿¹ÕþÖΣ¨Street confrontation potitics£©Ö®·¶Î§¼°ÏÞÖÆÔò×÷ÒÔÉÏÈ¨ÖØÒªÖ®½âÊÍ£º

    ¢Ù´ÓÕâЩÅÐÀýÖпÉÒÔ¿´³öÈô¸ÉÃ÷ÏÔ¶øÇå³þÖ®Ô­Ôò£¬ÑÔÂÛ¼°½áÉç×ÔÓÉËäΪÎÒ¹úÃñÖ÷Éç»áÖ®»ù±¾Ô­Ôò£¬µ«»¹²»ÄÜ˵ÿһ¸öÈËËæÊ±ËæµØµØ¶ÔÈκÎÉçÍŶ¼¿ÉÒÔ·¢±íÆäÒâ¼ûºÍÐÅÑö£¨¡°From these decisions certain clear principles emerge. The rights of free speech and assembly, while fundamental in our democratic society, still do not mean that every one with opinions or beliefs to express may address a group at any place and any time.¡±£©

    ¢Ú¡°ÏÜ·¨ÉÏËù±£ÕÏÕâ×ÔÓÉȨ¼´ÒþÉã×ÅÒ»¸öά³Ö¹«¹²ÖÈÐòµÄÈ·ÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄÉç»áÖ®´æÔÚ£¬Èç¹ûûÓÐËüµÄ´æÔÚ£¬×ÔÓɱ¾Éí¼´»áÔÚ¹ý¼¤µÄÎÞÕþÖÎ״̬ÖÐɥʧ¡±£¨¡°The constitutional guarantee of liberty implies the existence of an organized society maintaining public order, without which liberty itself would be lost in the excesses of anarchy.¡±£©

    ¢Û¡°¿ØÖƽֵÀ½»Í¨ºÜÇå³þµÄÊÇÕþ¸®Î¬»¤±ØÒªÖÈÐòÔðÈεÄÌâÀý£¬ÈκÎÈËÒÔ²»×ñÊØÖÚËùÖÜÖªÖ®ºìÂ̵ÆÖ®½»Í¨¹æÔò×÷ΪÉç»á¿¹ÒéµÄÊÖ¶ÎÔòÊDz»ºÏÀíµÄ£¨¡°The control of travel on the streets is a clear example of governmental responsibility to insure this necessary order One would not be justified in ignoring the familiar red light becausr this was thought to be a means of social protest.¡±£©¡±

    ¢Ü¡°ÈκÎÈËÒ಻µÃÎ¥·´½»Í¨¹æÔò£¬¼á³ÖÓÚ½»Í¨¼â·æÊ±¼äÔÚʱ±¨¹ã³¡ÉϾٽÖÍ·¼¯»á£¬×÷ΪÐÐʹÆäÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉ»ò¼¯»á×ÔÓɵķ½Ê½¡£Õþ¸®µ±¾ÖÓÐÒåÎñ¼°ÔðÈα£³Ö´ó½ÖµÀ·֮½»Í¨³©ÐÐÎÞ×è¡£¡±£¨¡°Not could one, contrary to traffic regulations, insist upon a street meeting in the middle of Times Square at the rush hour as a form of freedom of speech or assembly. Governmental authorities have the duty and responsibility to keep their streets open and available for movement.¡±£©

    ¢Ý¡°ÓÎÐÐʾÍþȺÖÚ²»µÃ¼á³ÖÓÐȨ·â±ÕijÌõ½ÖµÀ¼°½ø³ö¹«Ë½³¡Ëù֮ͨ·£¬Ò಻µÃ½ûÖ¹ÈκξÜÌý˵½ÌÖ®ÐÐÈËÕâͨÐС±¡££¨¡°A group of demonstrators could not insist upon the rright to cordon off a street, or entrance to a public or private building, and allow no one to pass who did not agree to listen to their exhortations.¡±£©

    ÓÉÒÔÉÏÅÐÀýÔòÖª£¬ÔÚÃÀ¹ú´ó½ÖÓÎÐÐʾÍþµÄ¼¯»á×ÔÓÉȨ²¢·ÇÒ»¾ø¶ÔµÄȨÀû¡£

    £¨7£©ÔÚ·¨ÔºÇ°Ö®Ê¾ÍþÓÎÐÐCox v. Louisiana, 1965, No. 49£º±¾°¸Ö®µÚÈý¸öÕùÒéÖ÷ÌâΪ±»¸æCoxÔÚ·¨Ôº¡°¸½½ü¡±£¨near£©ÓÎÐÐÊÇ·ñÎ¥·¨¶øÓ¦¼Ó³Í´¦¡£Â·Ò×Î÷°²ÄÇÖÝ·¨ÂÉÃ÷ÎĹ涨¡°ÈκÎÈËÔÚ·¨Ôº»ò·¨Ôº¸½½ü¾ÙÅÆ¿¹Òé»òÓÎÐÐʾÍþ£¬Òâͼ¸ÉÉæ¡¢ÒõÄÓ¡¢·Áº¦Ë¾·¨ÐÐÕþ£¬»òÒâͼӰÏì·¨¹Ù¡¢ÅãÉóÔ±¡¢Ö¤È˼°Ë¾·¨¹ÙÔ±¡¢Ö´ÐÐÖ°Îñ£¬¾ùÓ¦´¦ÎåǧԪÒÔÉÏ·£½ð»òÒ»ÄêÒÔÏÂÖ®ÁÙ½û£¬»òÁ½·£²¢´¦¡£¡±£¨¡°Whoever, with the intent of interfering with, obstructing, or impeding the administration of justice, or with the intent of influencing any judge, juror, witness, or court officers, in the discharge of his duty pickets or parades in or near a building housing a court of the State of Louisiana shall be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned not more than one year, or both.¡±£©¡£¸ù¾Ý´ËÒ»·¨ÂÉ£¬µØ·½·¨ÔºÒÔ±»¸æÎ¥·¨ÔÚ·¨Ôº¶Ô½ÖÒ»¡ðÒ»³ß¡°¸½½ü¡±Ê¾ÍþÓÎÐУ¬¿¹¾Ü¾¯·½ÒªÇóȺÖÚ½âÉ¢Ö®ÃüÁÒò¶ø½«Ö®ÅÐÐÌ¡£±»¸æ²»·þ£¬ÈÏΪµØ·½·¨Ôº¼°ÖÝ·¨Ôº¾ùÇÖ·¸ÆäÔÚÏÜ·¨ÉÏÖ®ÑÔÂÛ¼°¼¯»á×ÔÓÉȨ£¬Ëì¾­´ÎÉÏËß¡£×îºóÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº²Ã¾ö¸ÃÖÝ×î¸ß·¨¹ÙÅÐ×ïËù¾ÝÖ®ÀíÓɲ»×㣬ËìÒ˸æÔ­Åв»ÄܳÉÁ¢£¬±»¸æÖÕÒòÎÞ×ï¶ø¿ªÊÍ¡£Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºËù³ÖÖ®ÀíÓÉÈçÏ£º

    ¢Ù ¸ÃÖݽûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨¹Ù¡°¸½½ü¡±ÓÎÐÐʾÍþÖ®¹æ¶¨ËäÎÞ²»Í×µ«¡°¸½½ü¡±´ÊÖ®½âÊÍÈÔÏÓÁýͳ£¨indefinite£©£¬º¬»ì(vague)£¬ÇÒ±ÏÓ辯¹ÙÒÔ¡°ÎÞÃÁ¿È¨¡±£¨unfrttered discretion£©ÈμӽâÊÍ£»

    ¢Ú ·¨¹æ¼ÈÃ÷ÎĽûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨Ôº¡°¸½½ü¡±ÓÎÐУ¬¹Ê·²ÔÚ·¨Ôº¡°¸½½ü¡±ÓÎÐÐÀíÓ¦¾ùÊôÎ¥·¨£¬µ«¾¯·½¸ºÔð¸ß¼¶¹ÙÔ±¼ÈÒÑÖ¸¶¨ÈºÖÚÔÚ·¨Ôº¶Ô½ÖÒ»¡ðÒ»³ßÖ®³¡µØ¡°¿ÉÒÔÓÎÐС±£¬ÔòÖª¾¯¹ÙÒѽ«¡°¸½½ü¡±Ò»´Ê½âÊÍΪһ¡ðÒ»³ßºÏ·¨Ö®³¡µØ£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÎÐУ¬È´ÔÚʺó³ö¶û·´¶û£¬±ä¸ü½âÊÍ£¬ÏÂÁîȺÖÚ½âÉ¢£¬ÏÔϵ¾¯¹ÙÈÎÒâ²ÃÁ¿£¬ÖÂʹʾÍþÕßÎÞËùÊÊ´Ó¡£»ùÓÚ´Ë£¬Áª°î×î¸ß¼¶·¨ÔºÈÏΪÖÝ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÖ®Åоö²»ÄܳÉÁ¢¡£´ËËäϵҧÎĽÀ×Ö£¬µ«È´±íʾ¡°ÒÀ·¨Ö÷ÖΡ±Ö®¾«Éñ¡£

    ÒòΪ±¾°¸ÏµÒÔ´ËÊýȨΪ½Ó½üÖ®Îå¶ÔËÄÆ±²Ã¾ö£¬¶øÇÒÉÙÊýÅÉÖ®ËÄÃû´ó·¨¹Ù¾ùÇ¿ÁÒ·´¶Ô£¬ÈÏΪ´ËÖֲþöÒ××ÌÎó½â£¬Íâ½ç»òÒÔΪÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÅú×¼ÈκÎÈ˵ÃÔÚ·¨ÔºÄÚÍâ»ò¸½½üÓÎÐÐʾÍþ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¸ÃÔº´ó·¨¹ÙÎÞÂÛÔÚ±¾°¸ÖÐÖ®Á¢³¡ÈçºÎ£¬¾ùͬÒâΪά»¤Ë¾·¨ÉóÅжÀÁ¢¼°·¨Ôº×ðÑÏ£¬Ïò²»ÈÝÈκÎÈË»òÍÅÌåÔÚ·¨Ôº¾ÛÖÚ¼¯»á£¬ÒÔä°ÐÐʾÍþ·½Ê½Íþв¡¢¸ÉÉæ»òÓ°Ï취Ժ֮˾·¨³ÌÐò¡£Îª³ÎÇå´ËÒ»ÅÐÀý¿ÉÄÜÔì³ÉÖ®Îó»á£¬´ó·¨¹Ù¸ß°Ø¸ñÔÚÅоöÖ÷ÎÄÖÐѸ¼´Ö¸³ö´ËÒ»ÖØÒª¸½¼Ó֮˵Ã÷£º

    ¢Ù ·Ò×Î÷°²ÄÇÖÝ ½ûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨Ôº¼°¸½½üʾÍþÓÎÐÐÖ®·¨¹æÎÞÂÛÆäÔÚÎÄ×Ö¼°ÄÚÈݾùÎÞ²»Í×ÇÒ·ûºÏÒ»¾ÅËľÅÄê¾ÅÔÂØ¥ÈýÈÕÔÚÃÀ¹ú˾·¨»áÒé¡°½ûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨ÔºÊ¾Íþ¿¹ÒéÖ®Á¢·¨Òé°¸ÌØ±ðίԱ»á¡±ËùÌáÖ®±¨¸æ£¬¸ÃÏ¸æÒ»ÖÂÔ޳ɹú»áÓ¦ÖÆ¶©Á¢·¨½ûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨Ôº¿¹ÒéʾÍþ¡£Ò»¾ÅÎå¡ðÄê¹ú»áͨ¹ýÓйØÁª°î˾·¨ÖƶÈÖ®ÖÆ¶È£¨64 Stat. 1081, 18 U. S.C. ¡ì 1507, 1958 ed.£©¼´½ûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨ÔºÊ¾Íþ¿¹Òé¡£¸ÃÖÝ·¨Âɼ´ÒÀ¾Ý´ËÒ»Áª°îÁ¢·¨¶øÖƶ©´ËÒ»ÖÝ·¨£¬¹ÊÀíÎÞ²»ºÏ£»

    ¢Ú ͬÀí£¬¸÷ÖÝ֮˾·¨ÖƶÈÒàÓ¦½ûÖ¹ÔÚ·¨ÔºÖ®Ê¾Íþ¿¹ÒéÒÔÃâÊÜÍâ½ç֮ѹÁ¦¡£ÒòΪ±¾ÔºÊÄÑÔÖ§³Ö·¨ÖÎÕþ¸®¶ø·ÇÈËÕþ¸®£¨¡°We are committed to a government of law and not a government of men¡±£©£»

    ¢Û ¡°Ë¾·¨³ÌÐòÖ®Èκν׶β»Ó¦Êܱ©Ãñ¸ÉÉæ¡£±©Ãñ¸ÉÉæ·¨ÂÉÕýΪÊÊ·¨³ÌÐòÖ®·´¡£¡±£¨¡°There is no room at any stage of judicial proceedings for such intervention; mob law is the very antithesis of due process¡±£©£»

    ¢Ü ±¾ÔºÈÏΪ¡°Ä³ÖÖÓëÑÔÂÛ»ìºÏÖ®ÐÐΪ¼´µÃ¼ÓÒÔ¹æÏÞ¼°½ûÖ¹¡±£¨¡­¡­that certain forms of conduct mixed with speech may be regulated or prohibited.£©£¬»»ÑÔÖ®£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔÚ±¾°¸Öз´¸´Ö¸³ö¡°ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉÈçÓëijÖÖÐÐΪ»ìºÏ¼´²»ÎªÏÜ·¨Ö®±ØÈ»±£»¤¡±£¨¡°¡­¡­that free speech is intermingled with such conduct does not bring with it constitutiilnal protection.¡±£©ÔÚ·¨Ôº¸½½ü£¬ÓÎÐзǴ¿ÑÔÂÛ£¨pure speech£©£¬¼´Ïµ¸½¼ÓÐж¯£¬¹ÊÓ¦ÊÜ·¨ÂɹæÏÞ£»

    ¢Ý ±¾ÔºË佫ÖÝ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÖ®Ô­ÅÐÅú²µ£¬µ«²¢¡°·Çν¾¯²ì¶Ô×î³õϵºÍƽ¶øºó±äΪ±©ÂÒÖ®¼¯»á²»µÃÓèÒÔÖÆÖ¹¡±¡££¨¡°Of course, this does not mean that the police cannot call a halt to a meeting which though originally peaceful, becomes violent.¡±£©ÔÙÕߣ¬¡°±¾ÔºÒà·ÇÖ¸·²¾­½÷ÉóÄâ¶©¼°Ö´ÐÐÖ®·¨ÂÉÃüÁî¾ù²»µÃ¶Ô¼¯»áÉ趨ºÏÀí֮ʱ¼äÏÞÖÆ¡±£¨¡°Nor does it mean that, under properly drafted and administered statutes and ordinances, the authorities cannot set reasonable time limits for assemblies.¡±£©¶ø¡°±¾Ôº½öÈÏΪ±¾°¸ÔÚĿǰÇé¿öÏ£¬ÉÏËßÈËÖ®×ï״δÄÜ»ùÓÚ¾¯·½Ö®½âÉ¢Áî¶ø³ÉÁ¢¡±£¨We merely hold that, under circumstances such as those present in this case, appellant¡¯s conviction cannot be sustained on the basis of the dispersa order.£©£»

    ¢Þ ¡°±¾ÔºÔÚ±¾°¸¼°Éϰ¸£¨No.24£©Ëù×÷ÓйØÔÚ·¨Ôº¼°Æä¸½½ü¾ÙÐÐʾÍþÐж¯Ö®²Ã¾ö£¬¸Å²»µÃ½âÊÍΪ¶ÔÈκÎÐÎʽ¼°Ê¾ÍþÖ®¶¯ÂÒÐÐΪ¼ÓÒÔÈϿɣ¬ÎÞÂÛ´ËÖÖʾÍþÓÎÐÐÈçºÎºÍƽ£¬¶¯»úÈçºÎ¿É¼Î£¬ÈçÆäÓëÖ¼ÔÚ´Ù½ø·¨ÖÎÓëÖÈÐò£¬±£»¤Éç»áÃâÓÚ¶¯ÂÒ£¬¹ÜÖÆ½»Í¨¹æÔò£¬Î¬»¤¹«Ë½²Æ²úÖ®ºÏ·¨ÀûÒæ£¬±£ÕÏ˾·¨ÐÐÕþÒÔ¼°ÆäËûÕþ¸®Ö÷Òª¹«ÎñÖ°ÔðÖ®ÑϽ÷·¨ÂÉÏàµÖ´¥Ôò±¾Ôº¼´²»ÈϿɡ£¡±£¨¡°Nothing we have said here or in No. 24, ante, is to be interpreted as sanctioning riotous conduct in any form or demonstrations, however peaceful or commendable their notives, which conflict with properly drawn statutes and ordinances designed to promtote law and order, protect the community against disorder, regulate traffic, safeguard legitimate interests in private and public property, or protect the adminlstration of justice and other essential gorernmental functions.¡±£©¡£

    ×îºó£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº¶Ô±¾°¸Ôø×÷Ò»Ïî¿Ï¶¨½áÂÛ˵£¬¡°×ÔÓÉÖ»ÓÐÔÚÒ»¸öÎÀ»¤ÖÈÐòµÄ·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈÖ®ÏÂʼ¿ÉÐÐʹ¡£¡±£¨¡°Liberty can only be exercised in a system of law which safeguards order.¡±£©

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