[ Áõ ÀÚ ]¡ª¡ª(2018-11-9) / ÒÑÔÄ25887´Î
¶ÔÓÚÇÖ·¸ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾È¨ÀûÖ®ÍâµÄÆäËûµÄÇá¶ÈÎ¥·¨Õì²é£¬¿ÉÒÔÉ趨Ïà¶Ôµ¯ÐÔ»¯µÄ¡°ÅÅ·Ç¡±¹æÔò£¬¼´ÓÉ·¨Ôº¡°Ò»´ÎÒ»°¸¡±µØÍ¨¹ý¸ö°¸²ÃÅн¨Á¢Åųý±ê×¼£¬Í¨¹ý×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôº·¢²¼Ö¸µ¼°¸ÀýÀ´Öð²½ÐγÉÈ«¹úͳһµÄÖ¸µ¼ÐÔ¹æÔò£¬Õâ»òÐí¸üÊʺÏÖйúµÄÏÖʵ¹úÇ顣ͬʱ£¬¶ÔÓÚרҵÐÔ½ÏÇ¿µÄÕì²éÖ´·¨ÐÐΪ£¬ÏÈÓÉÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹ØÖƶ¨¸üÏ꾡¡¢Ï¸ÃÜ»¯µÄÕì²éÖ´·¨¹æ·¶£¬·¨ÔºÔٲο¼Õì²éÖ´·¨¹æ·¶½øÐиö°¸²ÃÅУ¬·¨ÔºÍ¨¹ý°¸ÀýµÄÀÛ»ýÀ´Òýµ¼Õì²é»ú¹ØÒÔ×ñÊØ·¨¶¨³ÌÐòµÄ·½Ê½½øÐÐȡ֤¡£¸ö°¸²ÃÁ¿ÅųýģʽµÄÓŵãÊÇÈ÷¨ÔºÓµÓиü¶àµÄµ¯ÐԿռ䣬¶ÔÓÚÎÔµ×ÏßÃñ¡¢¼àÌý¡¢ÓÕ²¶Õì²éµÈÖî¶à»ñÈ¡ÏÓÒÉÈËÑÔ´ÊÖ¤¾ÝµÄÕì²é·½Ê½£¬ÓÉ·¨Ôº½áºÏ¾ßÌå°¸Ç飬Öð°¸Éó²éÕì²éѶÎʵĺϷ¨ÐÔ¡£
£¨Èý£©Î¥·¨ÑÔ´ÊÖ¤¾ÝÒýÈë¡°¶¾Ê÷¹ûʵ¡±¹æÔòµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ
¸ù¾ÝÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨ÅÐÀý£¬Ö»Òª¾¯·½ÒÔÑÏÖØÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÚËÄ¡¢µÚÎåÐÞÕý°¸µÄ·½Ê½Õì²éȡ֤£¬ÃÀ¹ú·¨Ôº²»½öÇ¿ÖÆÅųýÎ¥·¨Õì²é»ñÈ¡µÄÖ±½ÓÖ¤¾Ý£¬Ò²ÅųýËæºóµÄÑÜÉúÖ¤¾Ý£¬¼´Ê¹ÑÜÉúÖ¤¾ÝÊÇÒԺϷ¨·½Ê½È¡µÃµÄ¡£ÔÚÃÀ¹úÐÌÊÂËßËϳÌÐòÖУ¬¾¯·½µÄÎ¥·¨Õì²éÐÐΪ±»ÊÓΪ¡°¶¾Ê÷¡±£¬Î¥·¨Õì²éËùÈ¡µÃµÄÖ¤¾Ý±»·¨ÔºÊÓΪµÚÒ»´ú¹ûʵ£¬ÏÔȻҪÓèÒÔÅųý¡£¾¯·½Î¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÚËÄ¡¢µÚÎåÐÞÕý°¸Ëù»ñµÃµÄµÚ¶þ´ú¹ûʵ£¬¼´ÑÜÉúÖ¤¾Ý£¬Í¨³£Ò²ÒªÓèÒÔÅųý¡£ËäÈ»ÎÒ¹úĿǰÉÐÄÑÒÔ¶ÔËùÓеÄÎ¥·¨Õì²é¾ùÈ·Á¢¡°¶¾Ê÷¹ûʵ¡±Åųý¹æÔò£¬µ«ÊǶÔÓÚÑÏÖØµÄÎ¥·¨Õì²éÐÐΪ£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÐÌѶ±Æ¹©¡¢±äÏàÈâÐ̵ȼ«ÆäÑÏÖØµÄÎ¥·¨È¡Ö¤ÐÐΪ£¬ÔòÓбØÒªÈ·Á¢¡°¶¾Ê÷¹ûʵ¡±¹æÔòÀ´ÅųýÏà¹ØµÄÑÜÉúÖ¤¾Ý£¬·ñÔò·Ç·¨Ö¤¾ÝÅųý¹æÔò½«»á±»Õì²é»ú¹ØËù¹æ±ÜÊÊÓá£ÉóѶ¹ý³ÌÊÇ·¸×ïÏÓÒÉÈËÓëÕì²é»ú¹Ø×î³õÖ±½Ó½Ó´¥µÄ½×¶Î£¬ÎÒ¹úÉóѶ¹ý³Ìͨ³£ÊÇÔÚÎÞÂÉʦÔÚ³¡Çé¿öϵÄÃØÃܳ¡ºÏÖÐËùÍê³É¡£Èç¹û½ö½öÅųýÐÌѶ±Æ¹©Ö±½Ó²úÉúµÄÖ¤¾Ý£¬²»ÅųýËæºóµÄÑÜÉúÑÔ´ÊÖ¤¾Ý£¬·Ç·¨Ö¤¾ÝÅųý¹æÔòµÄȨÍþÔò»áÒò´ËÊÜËð£¬Ò²ÄÑÒÔÕæÕý¶ÔÕì²é»ú¹Ø²úÉúÍþÏÅÁ¦¡£
£¨ËÄ£©Á¢·¨»ú¹Ø²ÅÊÇÖÆ¶¨Ï¸ÃÜ»¯¡°ÅÅ·Ç¡±±ê×¼µÄ×î¼Ñ»ú¹Ø
·¨ÔºÉó²é¡¢ÅųýijЩΥ·¨Ö¤¾Ý£¬ÖÁ¶àÖ»ÄÜΪ¾¯·½Ö´·¨ÌṩÉÙÁ¿µÄÖ´·¨¹æ·¶¡£ÏµÍ³¡¢ÍêÕûµÄÖ´·¨¹æ·¶ÓÉÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹ØÖƶ¨Ï꾡µÄϸÔò£¬¸ü·ûºÏÖйúµÄÏÖʵ¡£ÃÀ¹úѧÕßÔø½¨ÒéÖÆ¶¨È«ÃÀ¹úͳһµÄÕì²éÖ´·¨¹æ·¶£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚÃÀ¹úÁª°îÖÆ´«Í³Ï¸÷ÖÝÓëÁª°î·¨ÂÉÖ®¼äÍùÍùÄÑÒÔͳһ£¬ÔÚÖÆ¶¨Ï¸ÃÜ»¯¡¢Í³Ò»»¯µÄÕì²éÖ´·¨¹æ·¶ÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬ÃÀ¹úÒ»Ö±ÄÑÓдóµÄ×÷Ϊ[4]£¨P63-84£©¡£ÖйúµÄÇé¿öÔòÏà·´£¬ÓÉÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹ØÖƶ¨Ï¸ÃÜ»¯µÄÖ´·¨¹æ·¶£¬Á¢·¨³É±¾ÓëÍÆÐÐÄѶÈԶԶСÓÚÃÀ¹ú£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇÖйúÐÌÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄºó·¢ÓÅÊÆÖ®Ò»¡£
¶ÔÓÚÀ¹Í£¡¢ËѲ顢¿ÛѺ¡¢¸ß¿Æ¼¼¶¨Î»×·×ÙÕì²é¡¢ÎÔµ×Õì²éµÈÖî¶àδ±ØÇÖ·¸ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾È¨ÀûµÄÕì²éÐÐΪ£¬·¨¹ÙÍùÍùûÓÐÒ»ÏßÖ´·¨¾¯²ìµÄ¾Àú£¬¸ö°¸Ö´·¨ÖÐÒò°¸¶øÒ죬·¨Ôº²¢·Ç¡°Öƶ¨¾¯²ìÖ´·¨¹æ·¶¡±µÄ×î¼Ñ»ú¹Ø£¬ÓÉÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹ØÖƶ¨Õì²é¹æ·¶Ï¸Ôò¸ü·ûºÏÏÖ´úÕì²éרҵ»¯¡¢¼¼Êõ»¯µÄ·¢Õ¹Ç÷ÊÆ¡£´ÓÃÀ¹úµÄ¾Ñé½ÌѵÀ´¿´£¬·¨ÔºµÄʺóÉó²éÅųýÎ¥·¨Ö¤¾ÝµÄ·¶Î§±Ï¾¹ÓÐÏÞ¶È£¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÔøÒò˾·¨ÍâÕþÖΡ¢Éç»áÒòËØµÄÓ°ÏìÔì³ÉǰºóÅÐÀýÁ¢³¡Éϵķ´¸´²»¶¨£¬ÃÀ¹úºÜ¶àѧÕßÒàÈÏΪ£¬Á¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹Ø²ÅÊÇÖÆ¶¨¾¯²ìÖ´·¨¹æ·¶Ï¸ÔòµÄ×î¼ÑȨÁ¦·ÖÖ§[33]£¨P689£©¡£¶ÔÓÚÐÌѶ±Æ¹©µÈÑÏÖØÇÖ·¸ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾È¨ÀûµÄÎ¥·¨È¡Ö¤£¬·¨ÔºÄܹ»¶ÔÎ¥·¨Ö¤¾ÝÒÀ·¨ÓèÒÔÇ¿ÖÆÅųý£»µ«¶ÔÓÚËѲ顢¿ÛѺ¡¢ÏßÃñȡ֤µÈÖî¶à²»Éæ¼°ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾È¨ÀûµÄȡ֤ÐÐΪ£¬·¨ÔºÊºó¶ÔÖ´·¨ÏÖ³¡Çé¿öµÄÅжÏÒÔ¼°ÏÅ×èЧ¹ûµÄÔ¤¹Àδ±ØÓÅÓÚÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹Ø¡£
ÖйúÊdzÉÎÄ·¨¹ú¼Ò£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÓÐÃ÷È·ÇÒÏ꾡µÄÅųý±ê×¼µÄǰÌáÏ£¬Öйú·¨Ôº²ÅÄܹ»ÅųýÎ¥·¨Ö¤¾Ý¡£Öйú°¸ÀýÖ¸µ¼ÖƶȶÔÖйú·¨¹ÙµÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦ÓÐÏÞ£¬ÓÉÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÓëÖ´·¨»ú¹ØÖƶ¨¸üÏ꾡µÄÖ´·¨Ï¸Ôò£¬¸üÄÜÓÐЧ¹æ·¶Õì²éÐÐΪ£¬ÖйúÐÌÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï½ÏÃÀ¹úÒ²¸ü¾ßºó·¢ÓÅÊÆ¡£
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
[1] ËÕÁ¦. Öйú·¨Ñ§Î´ÄÜΪ·¨ÔºÏµÍ³¸Ä¸ïÌṩ¼±Ðè֪ʶ//Àí²éµÂ•²¨Ë¹ÄÉ. ¸÷ÐÐÆäÊÇ: ·¨Ñ§Óë˾·¨. ËÕÁ¦Òë. ±±¾©: ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬2017.
[2] Ò×ÑÓÓÑ. ·Ç·¨Ö¤¾ÝÅųý¹æÔòµÄÖйú·¶Ê½¡ª¡ªÒÔ 1459 ¸öÐÌʰ¸ÀýÎªËØ²ÄµÄ·ÖÎö. ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆÑ§£¬2016£¬(1).
[3] Craig D. Uchida£¬Timothy S. Bynum. Search Warrants£¬Motions to Suppress and Lost Cases: The Effects of the Exclusionary Rule in Seven Jurisdictions. Criminal Law and Criminology£¬1991£¬81(4).
[4] Craig M. Bradley. The Failure of the Criminal Procedure Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press£¬1993.
[5] Ò¶ÆôÕþ. Éç»áѧÓë±¾ÍÁ»¯. ̨±±: ̨Íå¾ÞÁ÷ͼÊéÓÐÏÞ¹«Ë¾£¬2001.
[6] Lucas A. Powe. The Warren Court and American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press£¬2000.
[7] Potter Steward. The Road to Mapp v. Ohio and Beyond: The Origins£¬Development and Future of the Exclusionary Rule in Search-and-Seizure Case. Columbia Law Review£¬1983£¬86(6).
[8] Laura K. Donohue. The Original Fourth Amendment. University of Chicago Law Review£¬2016£¬(3).
[9] Bradford Wilson. Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Original Understanding. Catholic Lawyer£¬1983£¬28(3).
[10] Morgan Cloud. The Fourth Amendment During the Lochner Era: Privacy£¬Property and Liberty in Constitutional Theory. Stanford Law Review£¬1996£¬48(3).
[11] Boyd v. U.S.[1886]. U.S. Supreme Court(116 U.S. 616).
[12] Adams v. New York[1904]. U.S. Supreme Court(192 U.S. 585).
[13] Weeks v. U.S.[1914]. U.S. Supreme Court(232 U.S 383).
[14] Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S.[1920]. U.S. Supreme Court(251 U.S. 392).
[15] Gouled v. U.S.[1921]. U.S. Supreme Court(255 U.S. 298).
[16] Agnello v. U.S.[1925]. U.S. Supreme Court(269 U.S. 20).
[17] Wolf v. Colorado[1949]. U.S. Supreme Court(338 U.S. 25).
[18] Elkins v. U.S.[1960]. U.S. Supreme Court(364 U.S. 206).
[19] Brown v. Mississippi[1936]. U.S. Supreme Court(97 U.S. 279).
[20] Ashcraft v. Tennessee[1944]. U.S. Supreme Court(322 U.S. 143).
[21] Malinski v. New York[1945]. U.S. Supreme Court(324 U.S 401).
[22] Rochin v. California[1952]. U.S. Supreme Court(342 U.S. 165).
[23] ÀÍÂ×˹•È´²®. ¿´²»¼ûµÄÏÜ·¨. ÌïÀ×Òë. ±±¾©: ·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬2011.
[24] Yale Kamisar. Does (Did) (Should) the Exclusionary Rule Rest on a Principled Basis Rather Than an Empirical Proposition. Creighton Law Review.1982£¬16(3).
[25] Miranda v. Arizona[1966]. U.S. Supreme Court(384 U.S. 436).
[26] Stephanie J. Frye. Totality of Circumstances: A Guideline for Waiver of Miranda Rights. University of Colorado Law Review£¬1979£¬51(2).
[27] ÁõÀÚ. Ã×À¼´ï¹æÔòÎåÊ®ÖÜÄêµÄ¼ÍÄîÓ뷴˼. ±È½Ï·¨Ñо¿£¬2016£¬(6).
[28] Thomas Y. Davies. Correcting Search-and-Seizure History: Now-forgotten Common-law Warrantless Arrest Standards and the Original Understanding of Due Process of Law. Mississippi Law Journal£¬2007£¬77(1).
[29] Craig M. Bradley. Two Models of the Fourth Amendment. Michigan Law Review£¬1985£¬83(6).
[30] Massachusetts v. Sheppard[1984]. U.S. Supreme Court(468 U.S. 981).
[31] State v. O¡¯Bremski[1967]. Washington 2d Court(70).
[32] Nix v. Williams[1984]. U.S. Supreme Court(467 U.S. 431).
[33] William Geller. Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule and Its Alternatives. Washington University Law Quarterly£¬1975£¬(3).
Exclusionary Rule Paradigm in China: Dilemma and Solutions
Liu Lei (Tongji University)
Abstract There exist many disparities between actual effects and legislation intent on the prob- lem of Chinese Exclusionary Rule, Chinese criminal courts are too weak to exclusive unlawfully obtained evidence which also brings in negative exclusion model in judicial practice. Chinese legal statutes on Exclusionary Rule still have some loopholes and Chinese special judicial backgrounds may lead to magnetic field effect for Chinese judges. Because Chinese Courts have not higher judicial authority than America, Chinese judges cannot be so passive as U.S. Supreme Court is, so as to make judicial decisions on Exclusionary Rule case-by-case. We can find both some good values and lessons from American Exclusionary Rule¡¯s legal history. If China try to solve all the problems on unlawfully obtained evidence, first of all, it is necessary to accept the ideas of preventive vindication and the rule of ¡°fruits of poisonous tree¡±. Secondly, Chinese judge must decide good options in different models such as absolute exclusion or relative exclusion on illegal evidence. Finally, legislators are the best department to make detailed and bright-line standard to deter police wrongful and illegal conduct. Only by these ways can China seek the best model according to judicial background.
Key words exclusionary rule on unlawfully obtained evidence; judicial magnetic force influence; preventive exclusion; fruit-of-poisonous-tree rule; criminal procedure
¡ö ÊÕ¸åÈÕÆÚ 2018-03-04
×ܹ²3Ò³¡¡¡¡[1] 2 [3]
ÉÏÒ»Ò³¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ÏÂÒ»Ò³