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[43] ÎÒ¹ú¶Ô¼¯ÌåËùÓÐÍÁµØµÄÕ÷ÊÕÓę̈Íå¶Ô˽ÓÐÍÁµØÕ÷ÊÕÁ÷³Ì»ù±¾Ïàͬ¡£Ì¨Í幫ÓÃÕ÷ÊÕ°üÀ¨Õ÷ÊÕÉêÇëÒÔ¼°Ç°ÖóÌÐò£¨°üÀ¨¾ÙÐÐÌýÖ¤¡¢¿±Ñ¡ÐèÓÃÍÁµØ¡¢ÐÒé¼Û¹º£©¡¢Õ÷ÊÕºË×¼¡¢Õ÷ÊÕÖ´ÐУ¨¹«¸æÓë֪ͨ¡¢·¢¸ø²¹³¥£©¡¢Õ÷ÊÕÍê³É¼¸¸ö»·½Ú¡£ÐÐÕþÔºÄÚÎñ²¿×÷ΪÕ÷µØºË×¼»ú¹Ø£¬Æä×÷³öµÄºË×¼¾ö¶¨±»ÊÓΪ¾ßÓжԱ»Õ÷ÊÕÈËÓÐʵÖÊÓ°ÏìµÄÐÐÕþ´¦·Ö£¬Æä¾¹ý¡°Ö±Ï½ÊС±¡¢ÏØÖ÷¹Ü»ú¹Ø¹«¸æÓë֪ͨºóÉúЧ£¬¶ÔÍÁµØÕ÷ÊÕ²»·þ£¬ÒÔÕ÷ÊÕ´¦·Ö»ú¹Ø¼´¡°ÖÐÑ롱Ö÷¹Ü»ú¹Ø¶ø·ÇÖ´Ðлú¹ØÎªËßÔ¸¶ÔÏ󡣲μûÎÌÔÀÉú±à£º¡¶ÐÐÕþ·¨¡·£¨Ï£©£¬Öйú·¨ÖƳö°æÉç2009Äê°æ£¬µÚ1764-1773Ò³¡£
[44]¡°¶à½×¶ÎÐÐÕþ´¦·ÖµÄ×÷³É£¬ÔÚ¸ÅÄîÉÏ£¬ÐëÓжþ£¨¸´Êý£©ÒÔÉÏ»ú¹ØµÄ²ÎÓ룬ÇÒÔÔòÉÏÒÔÒ»£¨µ¥Êý£©ÐÐÕþ´¦·Ö±íÏÖÓÚÍ⣬Ðγɡ®¶à»ú¹Ø¡¢Ò»£¨Íⲿ£©³ÌÐò¡¢Ò»´¦·Ö¡¯µÄ³ÌÐò¹¹Ô죬¸´Êý»ú¹ØÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµÊÇÄÚ²¿³ÌÐò¡£·´¶øÑÔÖ®£¬ÐÐÕþ´¦·ÖÖ®×÷³É£¬²»ÎʳÌÐò¹¹ÔìÈçºÎ·±¸´£¬´ÓÍ·ÖÁβÈô¾ùΪͬһ»ú¹ØÕߣ¬ÔòÎÞÒɹ¹³É¶à½×¶ÎÐÐÕþ³É·Ö¡£¡±Ç°Òý¡²42¡³£¬ÀÁ¼ÎÄ¡£
[45] ²Î¼û¡¶±¨¹úÎñÔºÅú×¼µÄ½¨ÉèÓõØÉó²é°ì·¨¡·¹ØÓÚ¡°Éó²é³ÌÐò¡±ÖеĹ涨¡£
[46] See Lon L. Fuller, The Forms and Limits of Adjudication, 92 Harvard Law Review, 353£¨1978£©¡£
[47]°¬É²®¸ñ£¨Eisenberg£©Ö¸³öÇ¿»ØÓ¦£¨strong responsiveness£©¡ª¡ª×÷³öµÄ¾ö¶¨Ó¦×î´ó³Ì¶ÈµØ»ØÓ¦µ±ÊÂÈËÌá³öµÄÖ¤¾ÝºÍÖ÷ÕÅ£¬ÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬¾ö¶¨Ó¦¸ù¾Ýµ±ÊÂÈËÌá³öµÄÖ¤¾ÝºÍÖ÷ÕÅΪ»ù´¡×÷³ö¡ª¡ª²ÅÊDzþö³ÌÐòµÄºËÐÄÌØÕ÷¡£²Î¼ûMelvin Aron Eisenberg, Participation, Responsiveness, and the Consultative Process: An Essay for Lon Fuller, 92 Harvard Law Review, 410£¨1978£©¡£
[48] ÀýÈç¡¶¹úÍÁ×ÊÔ´²¿¹ØÓÚµ÷Õû±¨¹úÎñÔºÅú×¼³ÇÊн¨ÉèÓõØÉóÅú·½Ê½ÓйØÎÊÌâµÄ֪ͨ¡·£¨¹úÍÁ×Ê·¢¡²2006¡³320 ºÅ£©ºÍ¡¶¹ØÓڸĽø±¨¹úÎñÔºÅú×¼µ¥¶Àѡַ½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÓõØÉó²é±¨Åú¹¤×÷µÄ֪ͨ¡·£¨¹úÍÁ×Ê·¢¡²2009¡³8 ºÅ£©¶ÔÉêÇëÕ÷µØ±¨ÅúËùÐèµÄ²ÄÁϺÍÏà¹ØÒªÇó½øÐÐÁËÁоٺÍ˵Ã÷¡£
[49]ǰÒý¡²46¡³£¬FullerÎÄ¡£
[50]See Robert G. Bone, Lon Fullers Theory of Adjudication and the False Dichotomy between Dispute Resolution and Public Law Models of Litigation, 75 Boston University Law Review,1273£¨1995£©¡£
[51]D.J.Galligan, Due process and fair procedures: a study of administrative procedures£¬Oxford: Clarendon Press£¬1996, p.243.
[52]¹¤¾ß¼ÛÖµ»ò¹¤¾ßÀíÐÔÇ¿µ÷¾ßÌåÊֶζÔÓÚ´ïµ½ÌØ¶¨Ä¿µÄ»òʵÏÖÌØ¶¨½á¹ûÓкÎ×÷ÓûòÒâÒ壬ÕâÊÇÉè¼Æ³ÌÐòʱӦÓÅÏÈ¿¼ÂǵÄÒòËØ¡£See D.J .Galligan, Discretionary Powers: A legal Study of Official Discretion,Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986, p.327.
[53]ǰÒý¡²51¡³GalliganÊ飬 p.246.
[54]²Î¼û¡¶Èç¸ÞËÀÍö7ÄêµÄ´åÃñ¾ÓÈ»ÄÜÔÚÕ÷µØµ÷²é±íÉÏÇ©Ãû¡·£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú¿ì±¨¡·2007Äê5ÔÂ22ÈÕ¡£
[55]ÕâÖÖÇéÐÎÏ£¬Åú×¼Õ÷µØµÄÅú¸´ÈÔÓÉ·¨¶¨µÄÉóÅú»ú¹Ø×÷³ö¡£
[56]ÕâÖÖÇéÐÎÏ£¬·¨¶¨ÉóÅú»ú¹ØÒѾÊÚȨ¹úÍÁ×ÊÔ´Ö÷¹Ü²¿ÃÅ×÷³öÊÇ·ñÅú×¼µÄ³õ²½Òâ¼û£¬Ìá³öÅú×¼Õ÷µØµÄ£¬±¨·¨¶¨ÉóÅú»ú¹ØÉóºËͬÒ⣻¾Éó²éºóÈç¹ûÈÏΪ²»·ûºÏÕ÷ÊÕÌõ¼þµÄ£¬Éó²é»ú¹Ø¿ÉÖ±½Ó½«Õ÷µØÇëʾÍ˻أ¬²¢±¨·¨¶¨ÉóÅú»ú¹Ø±¸°¸¡£²Î¼û¡¶±¨¹úÎñÔºÅú×¼µÄ½¨ÉèÓõØÉó²é°ì·¨¡·µÄ¹æ¶¨¡£
[57]²Î¼û¡¶¹úÍÁ×ÊÔ´²¿¹ØÓڸĽø±¨¹úÎñÔºÅú×¼µ¥¶Àѡַ½¨ÉèÏîÄ¿ÓõØÉó²é±¨Åú¹¤×÷µÄ֪ͨ¡·£¨¹úÍÁ×Ê·¢¡²2009¡³8ºÅ£©¡£
[58]See Mathew D. McCubbins and Thomas Schwartz, Congressional Oversight Overlooked: Police Patrols versus Fire Alarms, 28 American Journal of Political Science, 165£¨1984£©¡£
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